Religion in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe's religious landscape is diverse and strongly Christian. The Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency's 2022 Population and Housing Census recorded Apostolic Sect at 40.3%, Pentecostal at 17.0%, Protestant at 13.8%, Roman Catholic at 6.4% and other Christian affiliations at 7.8%. African traditional religion accounted for 5.0%, people reporting no religion for 8.3%, Islam for 0.6%, Judaism for 0.05%, Hinduism for 0.02% and other affiliations for 0.8%. Small Greek Orthodox, Buddhist, Baha'i, Latter-day Saint and Humanist communities also exist. Christian and African traditional practices sometimes overlap, so census categories do not describe every lived practice. People usually access religious life through a local congregation or denomination. Dominant systems include Apostolic, Pentecostal and Protestant communities. National or regional bodies include the Zimbabwe Council of Churches (ZCC), the Evangelical Fellowship of Zimbabwe (EFZ), the Apostolic Christian Council of Zimbabwe and the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs in Zimbabwe (SCIAZ). Communities may organize as congregations, denominations, trusts or associations. Zimbabwe has no single state register for purely religious bodies and no separate Ministry of Religion identified in the 2026 Cabinet. A religious organization that also provides welfare or other charitable services and receives outside or public funding may need registration as a Private Voluntary Organisation (PVO) through the Registrar of Private Voluntary Organisations. That process can involve a constitution, prescribed fee, newspaper notice, an objection period and a registration certificate. Schools and medical facilities require their own institutional approvals, and tax-exempt status may require an application to the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA). Sections 56 and 60 of the Constitution protect equality and freedom of thought, opinion, religion and belief. They cover public and private practice, religious teaching and propagation, and protection from coercion against a person's religious beliefs. Parents may direct their children's moral and religious upbringing subject to education, health, safety and welfare requirements. The Criminal Law Code makes causing offence or showing bigotry on religious grounds punishable. Prisoners may choose a religious counsellor. Bona fide religious gatherings fall within an exception under the Maintenance of Peace and Order Act, although public-order, health and political-character limits can still apply. A religious community may establish an institution for religious instruction, including with state assistance, under section 60(4) of the Constitution. The Education Act does not allow religion to serve as a basis for discrimination in school access, although a bona fide religious school may give preference to its own adherents. Religious instruction remains subject to applicable education rules. In the 2020 Sogolani decision, the Constitutional Court held that a compulsory school pledge referring to the Almighty God violated freedom of conscience. Current opt-out and participation arrangements should therefore be checked with the particular school or education authority. Public holidays under the Public Holidays and Prohibition of Business Act include Good Friday, the Saturday between Good Friday and Easter Sunday, Easter Monday, Christmas Day and the following day. In 2026, these dates are 3 April, 4 April, 6 April, 25 December and 26 December. Eid, Ramadan, Diwali, Jewish holy days and indigenous religious festivals may be observed by their communities but do not have the same national public-holiday status under that Act. Religious practice commonly includes worship, prayer, preaching, sacraments or other rites, pilgrimage or shrine visits and community assistance. Baptisms, weddings, funerals and cremations may fall within the religious-gathering exception, while their detailed form depends on the denomination or community. Zimbabwe has no single national fee schedule for worship, baptism, funerals, membership or religious education; charges and timing are set by the relevant community. Under the Marriage Act 2022, the Minister of Justice can designate and register a minister of religion on application by a religious authority. Christian, Jewish, Islamic, Hindu and other religious rites may be used, the minimum marriage age is 18, and a minister may refuse a ceremony that does not conform to the community's rite. The law does not authorize a gift or reward to a marriage officer. Customary marriages may involve a chief, magistrate or minister. Interfaith and peace work includes the Zimbabwe Interfaith Religious Council (ZIRC), the ZCC's ecumenical and interfaith work and the Zimbabwe Heads of Christian Denominations (ZHOCD). Their stated aims include peace, reconciliation, good governance and human development. Religious leaders have also faced reported monitoring and political pressure, which can lead to self-censorship; this concern should not be generalized to every community. The practical position of a particular congregation, school, marriage officer or service provider depends on its denomination, registration status, location and internal rules.