Yanayi da halittu a Nijar

Yanayin ƙasa na Nijar yana sauyawa ƙwarai daga arewa zuwa kudu. Sahara da Ténéré suna da faffadan hamada da tsaunukan aman wuta na Aïr, waɗanda suka kai kusan mita 2,000. Gueltas, oases da cuvettes oasiennes suna riƙe da ruwa da ciyayi a yankuna masu bushewa. Dallols, filayen ambaliya da dazuzzukan gefen kogi suna tallafa wa noma, kiwo, kamun kifi da namun daji a gefen kogin Nijar, Komadougou Yobé da kewaye da tafkin Chadi. Yankin Sudano-Sahel na W-Arly-Pendjari, wanda ake kira WAP, yana da savanna, fadama da koguna da ƙasashe ke rabawa. Gommeraies da parcs agroforestiers na ba da ƙarin muhalli da kayayyaki masu amfani. Nijar na da nau’o’in yankunan kariya da dama: wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wuraren ajiyar namun daji ko cikakkiyar kariya, mafaka, wuraren ajiyar biosphere, yankunan da ake gudanar da farauta, dazuzzukan da aka ware ko aka kare. Réserve Naturelle Nationale de l’Aïr et du Ténéré, ko RNNAT, ta kai kusan hekta 7,736,000. Tana cikin jerin Gado na Duniya na UNESCO tun 1991, tana cikin jerin Gado na Duniya da ke cikin haɗari tun 1992, kuma ɓangare ce ta wurin ajiyar biosphere. Sanctuaire des Addax a tsakiya ya kai kusan hekta 1,280,500. Yankin kariya na W-Arly-Pendjari mallakin UNESCO ne na ƙasashe uku, ya kai kusan hekta 1,714,831. Nijar kuma tana da wurare 14 a jerin Ramsar na yanzu, yayin da wurin Ramsar na Aïr Gueltas/Oasis ya kai kusan hekta 4,924,100. Ƙididdigar ƙasa da aka wallafa ta yi amfani da ranaku da ma’anoni daban-daban. Bayanai na gwamnati na 2026 sun nuna cewa hanyar sadarwar yankunan kariya ta kai kusan hekta miliyan 20.87, wato kashi 16.47% na ƙasar Nijar. Tsohon kundin SNPA/DB na 2024 ya lissafa wuraren kariya na namun daji tara masu hekta 1,928,240, ko kashi 15.21%, da wuraren Ramsar 12 masu hekta 2,413,237. Jerin Ramsar na yanzu ya lissafa wurare 14 masu hekta 7,534,289. Kada a tara waɗannan ƙididdiga, domin sun bayyana kundin bayanai da ranakun tushe daban-daban. Kundin halittu na 2024 ya bayar da tushe na kusan nau’in dabbobi 3,200: dabbobi masu shayarwa 168, tsuntsaye 512, dabbobi masu rarrafe da masu rayuwa cikin ruwa ko a ƙasa 150, da kifaye 112. Waɗannan lambobi tushe ne na kundin bayanai, ba cikakken ƙidayar yanzu ba. Yankin Aïr da Ténéré yana da bayanan kusan nau’in dabbobi masu shayarwa 40, tsuntsaye 165 da masu rarrafe 18; yankin Ramsar na Aïr kuma yana da bayanan kusan nau’in tsire-tsire masu furanni 290 da tsuntsaye 150. WAP na zama mafaka ga giwaye, zakuna, cheetah, damisa, karnukan daji na Afirka, topi, hippopotamus da manatees. Jerin I na doka a Nijar ya haɗa nau’o’in da ake ba cikakkiyar kariya, kamar hippopotamus, manatee, giwa, rakumin dawa, cheetah, damisa, barewar dama, addax, karen daji na Afirka, kuraye, oryx, tunkiyar Barbary, kada, kunkuru, python, jimina, ungulu da storks. Jerin II na ba da kariya ta wani ɓangare, yayin da Jerin III ke tsara harkokin ƙetare iyaka. Yanayi yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da hanyoyin samun abin rayuwa. Kiwo da ƙaura ta kiwo sun dogara da ciyawa da ruwa. Mutane na noma a oases, cuvettes da filayen ambaliya, kamun kifi a koguna da fadama, tattara kayayyakin gandun daji, amfani da itace a matsayin makamashi da samar da gum arabic. Namun daji da tsarin muhalli suna taimakawa wajen daidaita ruwa, kare ƙasa, samar da abinci da jure sauyin yanayi. Haƙo ma’adinai, gurɓatar man fetur, faɗaɗa noma, kiwo ba bisa ka’ida ba, kiwo fiye da kima, sare itatuwa, gobara da farauta suna iya rage waɗannan amfanin da tarwatsa muhalli. Ministry of the Environment, Water and Sanitation, babban daraktar ruwa da gandun daji, da daraktar namun daji, farauta, wuraren shakatawa da ajiyarsu suna da nauyin ƙasa. Hukumomin yankuna da na gida, sassan kula da yankunan kariya, rundunonin al’umma da Conseil National de l’Environnement pour un Développement Durable su ma suna ba da gudummawa. Gudanar da WAP yana amfani da tsarin haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe uku. An amince da daftarin dokar kafa Agence Nationale des Parcs du Niger a matsayin shawara a Agusta 2026; kada a bayyana ta a matsayin hukuma da aka kafa cikakke har sai an kammala matakan doka da na aiki. Dokar Nijar ta ɗora kula da yankunan kariya a hannun gwamnati, amma wannan matsayi ba ya ba jama’a damar shiga ba tare da takura ba. An haramta farauta a wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wuraren ajiyar namun daji, cikakkiyar kariya da mafaka, sai ƙaramin keɓantawa na binciken kimiyya. Yawanci ana buƙatar izinin farauta; mai farauta dole ya kai shekara 18, kuma farauta da bindiga na buƙatar izinin makami. Izinin binciken kimiyya yana kayyade nau’i, jinsi da adadin da aka yarda. Izinin farautar al’ada yana da iyaka ga haƙƙoƙin gargajiya da aka rubuta na samun abinci ko dalilin ibada; ana amfani da shi wajen wajen wuraren shakatawa, cikakkiyar kariya, yankunan farauta, wuraren kiwo na dabbobin daji da gonakin namun daji, bisa sharuddan umarnin minista. An hana ciniki, musanya da sayar da namun daji a kasuwa sai ga waɗanda minista ya ba izini. Riƙewa, sufuri, shigo da kaya, fitar da kaya da mallakar kofuna ko sassan namun daji ma suna da tsari. Jadawalin kuɗin da Loi 98-07 ta wallafa ya lissafa izinin farautar wasanni ga ’yan ƙasa FCFA 20,000, 35,000 ko 55,000 ga ƙananan, matsakaita ko manyan namun daji; ga mazauna FCFA 40,000, 60,000 ko 90,000; ga baƙi FCFA 75,000, 100,000 ko 150,000. Haka kuma an lissafa izinin kimiyya FCFA 25,000 ga tsuntsaye, 75,000 ga dabbobi masu shayarwa, 45,000 ga masu rarrafe da 25,000 ga masu rayuwa cikin ruwa ko a ƙasa. Lasisin jagora FCFA 500,000 ne a kowace shiyya da kakar aiki, lasisin rangwamen farauta kuma FCFA 1,500,000 ne a kowace shiyya da kakar. A tabbatar da waɗannan adadin kafin amfani, domin izini, adadi, yanayi da sharuddan gudanarwa na iya canzawa. An amince da kallon namun daji da yawon buɗe ido na muhalli a matsayin dalilan amfani da yankunan kariya, amma damar shiga yanzu tana da tsauri sosai. Shirin wurin W ya bayyana kusan hanyoyi 30, biyu ne ake iya amfani da su duk shekara, kuma babbar hanyar sadarwa ta kai kusan kilomita 917; an rarrabe hanyoyin baƙi da na sintiri. Bayanin yanzu daga mai kula da yankin W ya ce ba za a iya karɓar baƙi a halin yanzu ba saboda tsaro a yankin. Shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye da aka duba sun gargadi mutane kada su yi tafiya zuwa Nijar, sun kuma ce tafiya wajen Niamey na iya buƙatar izini da rakiyar tsaro. Ba a tabbatar da kuɗin yawon yanayi na yanzu ko ingantaccen tsarin yin booking na tsakiya ba. Saboda haka, matsayin UNESCO ko Ramsar ba ya tabbatar da damar shiga. Ilimin muhalli ya haɗa da koyar da halittu, bayanai da sadarwar muhalli, wayar da kan jama’a game da sauyin yanayi, bincike, sa ido, nazarin ilimin gargajiya da wayar da kan hukumomin gida. Rundunonin al’umma suna taimaka wa shiga al’umma, sa ido da kiyayewa; an kuma gabatar da shirin ƙwarewa ga masu gadin muhalli a 2026. Babu shaida da ke tabbatar da wata hanyar karatun makaranta ta musamman ga muhalli da ta shafi ƙasa baki ɗaya. Shigar al’umma da haɗin gwiwar gudanarwa suna da amfani a aikace, amma ƙarfin doka ya bambanta bisa yankin kariya da dokar aiwatarwa. Fari da sauyin yanayi suna rage amfanin kiwo. Zaizayar ƙasa ta iska da ruwa, yashi mai motsi, toshewar ruwa da laka, bushewar fadama, tsire-tsire masu mamaya na ƙasa da ruwa, gobarar daji, rarrabuwar muhalli da sauyin matakin ruwa a filayen ambaliya suna sauya muhallin halittu da damar amfani da albarkatu. Rikicin mutane da namun daji yana da muhimmanci musamman a wuraren hippopotamus da yankin Kandadji. Faɗaɗa noma, kiwo ba bisa ka’ida ba, matsin kiwo, gobara, sare itatuwa, farauta da illar ma’adinai ko man fetur na iya haddasa rikicin amfani da ƙasa. Sa ido, yaƙi da farauta ba bisa ka’ida ba, rundunonin al’umma, tattaunawa tsakanin al’ummomi da haɗin gwiwar gudanarwa na daga cikin martanin da aka rubuta.