Ubufakazi bokuqala buhlanganisa ukulandelana kwemivubukulo kusukela eNkathini Yamatshe Yasendulo, kudlule kwePhakathi neYamuva, kuye eNkathini Yensimbi. Izimayini zaseNgwenya, ezaziwa nangokuthi iLion Cavern, zigcina ubufakazi bokumbiwa kwetshe elibomvu i-ochre ne-haematite okwabhalwa cishe ku-43,000 BC, kanye nokumbiwa kwensimbi kusukela cishe ku-400 AD. Ukumbiwa kwezimayini kwanamuhla kule ndawo kwenzeka kusukela ngo-1964 kuya ku-1977. Abavubukuli basaqhubeka nokubuyekeza ezinye zezinsuku nezincazelo. Imidwebo yamadwala nezinsalela zezimayini kubhekwa lapha njengobufakazi bemivubukulo namagugu, hhayi njengesihloko esihlukile sobuciko noma amasiko. Izindaba zokuhlala nokufuduka phakathi kwekhulu le-15 nele-16 zihlanganisa ukunyakaza kwabantu abakhuluma izilimi zesiBantu nesiNguni nohlu lozalo lwakwaDlamini nolwaNgwane. Izinhlu zozalo zomlomo nemivubukulo zinikeza izinhlobo ezahlukene zobufakazi, futhi azisunguli uhlu oluthembeke ngokuphelele, oluhambisana nomuntu ngamunye, lwababusi bezinkathi zokuqala. AmaBakaNgwane ayeseningizimu ngeminyaka yawo-1750. Ukuhlala, ubuchwepheshe bensimbi nokuhwebelana kwesifunda kwabumba imiphakathi ngaphambi kokuqiniswa kombuso okwalandela. UNgwane III uhlotshaniswa nesizinda sangekhulu le-18 esizungeze iShiselweni neHluti. USobhuza I wandisa futhi waqinisa umbuso kusukela cishe ngo-1820, kwathi uMswati II wawandisa nakakhulu phakathi kuka-1840 no-1868. Amabutho, ukunqoba, ukuhlanganisa abantu, ubudlelwano bezombusazwe nemifelandawonye yomshado konke kwaba nesandla kule nqubo. Amaqembu angomakhelwane amaSotho namaNguni, kuhlanganise nemiphakathi yamaEmakhandzambili, aqhubeka eyingxenye yesimo sezombusazwe esasishintsha. Amagama omlando athi Ngwane nekaNgwane abhekisela emagameni nasezazisweni zangaphambili ezihlobene nombuso; uDlamini ukhomba uhlanga olubusayo. Ingcindezi yaseYurophu yashintsha ubunikazi bomhlaba nobukhosi. IBritain yamukela umbuso wamaSwati ngo-1881, kwathi ukuvunyelwa kwamalungelo omhlaba nezimayini kwanda ngeminyaka yawo-1880. I-Foreign Jurisdiction Act yango-1890 nesikhathi se-Transvaal Protectorate sango-1894–1899 kwaletha izinhlelo ezishintshayo zamaBhunu namaNgisi. Ngemva kokushona kukaBhunu ngo-1899, uLaboTsibeni Gwamile waba yibamba lombuso kusukela ngo-1899 kuya ku-1921. IBritain yathatha izintambo ngo-1902 futhi yafaka izikhundla zoKhomishana Omkhulu noKhomishana Ohlala njalo phakathi kuka-1903 no-1906. I-Lifa Fund yasungulwa ngo-1907 ukuze isekele ukuthengwa kabusha komhlaba. USobhuza II wabekwa esihlalweni ngo-1921. Ukubusa ngokusebenzisa abaholi bendawo kwagcina ingxenye enkulu yohlelo lwendabuko, kuyilapho izingxabano ngomhlaba nobukhosi zihlala ziwumgogodla kuyo yonke inkathi yobukoloni, kuhlanganise neMpi Yezwe Yesibili kusukela ngo-1939 kuya ku-1945. ISwatini yadlula ekuzibuseni iye enkululekweni ngokulandelana komthethosisekelo okuchaziwe. UMthethosisekelo Wenkululeko wango-1963 wandulela uMkhandlu Wokuqala Wezomthetho wangomhla ka-9 Septhemba 1964 kanye nesimo sombuso ovikelwe ngo-1967. Izwe lathola inkululeko futhi lajoyina iCommonwealth ngomhla ka-6 Septhemba 1968, uSobhuza II eyinkosi. UMthethosisekelo wango-1968 wasungula uhlelo lwamaqembu ezombusazwe amaningi. Ngemva kokhetho lwango-1972 ngemva kwenkululeko, iSimemezelo No. 12 sangomhla ka-12 Ephreli 1973 sachitha umthethosisekelo futhi sadlulisela amandla omthetho, okuphatha nawobulungiswa enkosini. I-1978 Parliament Order yamisa ngokusemthethweni uhlelo lweTinkhundla, lapho i-inkhundla iyisifunda sokhetho sendawo kanye nesithangami sezombusazwe nezokuphatha. Ukubuyekezwa kwango-1993 nokuhlolwa komthethosisekelo okwalandela kwaholela kuMthethosisekelo wango-2005, owaqala ukusebenza ngomhla ka-26 Julayi 2005 noma ngoFebhuwari 2006 ngokwamadokhumenti kahulumeni ahlukene. USobhuza II washona ngo-1982. Amabamba ombuso uDzeliwe noNtfombi abusa ngesikhathi soguquko ngaphambi kokuthweswa umqhele kukaMswati III ngomhla ka-25 Ephreli 1986. Igama elisemthethweni lashintsha lisuka eSwaziland laba uMbuso waseSwatini ngomhla ka-19 Ephreli 2018. Uhlelo lwamanje lwaseSwatini luhlanganisa ubukhosi, imikhandlu yendabuko, uhlaka lweTinkhundla nePhalamende. Imibhikisho nodlame lwangoJuni noJulayi nangoSepthemba no-Okthoba 2021 kusalokhu kuyindaba enezincazelo eziphikisanayo enkumbulweni yomphakathi: izincazelo zikahulumeni zathi kwakuyizinxushunxushu zomphakathi, kuyilapho imibiko yeZizwe Ezihlangene, yeHhovisi likaKhomishana Omkhulu Wamalungelo Abantu neminye ezimele yachaza imibhikisho, ukufa, udlame nokukhathazeka ngamalungelo abantu. Ucwaningo lusebenzisa imithombo ehlukene kuye ngombuzo. Izingobo Zomlando Zikazwelonke zaseSwatini zigcina amarekhodi omphakathi nangewona omphakathi ngaphansi kwe-Archives Act 5 of 1971; ucwaningo luvame ukwenziwa khona kusukela ngoMsombuluko kuya kuLwesihlanu, ngo-8:00 kuya ku-16:30, kanti amakhophi nezinsiza zocwaningo kukhokhelwa izimali ezinqunyiwe. I-Eswatini National Trust Commission, eyasungulwa ngaphansi kwe-National Trust Commission Act 9 of 1972, iphethe iminyuziyamu, izikhumbuzo namagugu amasiko futhi ihlinzeka ngohambo nemfundo emphakathini. IPhalamende ligcina amarekhodi omthethosisekelo nawasePhalamende. Ubufakazi bomlomo, izinhlu zozalo lwemindeni nenkumbulo yomphakathi kwengeza ulwazi ngobuwena nokuqhubeka, kodwa izimangalo zakho zidinga ukuhlolwa ngokomongo kunokwamukelwa ngokuzenzakalela. Amarekhodi asemthethweni nawo adinga ukuhlaziywa kwemithombo ngoba izindaba zesizwe zingakhetha okuthile noma zethule umlando njengohamba ngomugqa obheke kumphumela othile. Ngakho-ke ukuqhathanisa izingobo zomlando, imivubukulo, umlando womlomo namarekhodi esikhathi samanje kuyadingeka lapho kuphikiswana ngezinsuku, amandla noma umthwalo wemfanelo. Umlando ufundiswa ngohlelo lwemfundo lwaseSwatini, kuhlanganise nekharikhulamu yesibili ehambisana nezimo zendawo ngaphansi kohlaka lwe-SGCSE olwethulwa kusukela ngo-2006 futhi lwafundiswa kusukela ngo-2009. Umlando wesikole samabanga aphezulu uyisifundo sokuzikhethela, kanti izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme zinikeza izindlela ezihlobene nokuqeqeshwa kothisha. Asikho isikhungo esisodwa esibhekele wonke umsebenzi womlando eSwatini; izingobo zomlando, izinhlangano zamagugu, izikhungo zemfundo, iPhalamende nabagcini bolwazi bomphakathi benza imisebenzi ehlukene.
Umlando waseSwatini
Umlando waseSwatini ulandisa ngokuthuthuka kwemiphakathi, izindawo, izikhungo nobuzwe bayo kusukela emisebenzini yabantu yakudala kuze kube manje. Uhlanganisa ubufakazi bemivubukulo, izinhlu zozalo ezidluliselwa ngomlomo, amarekhodi enkathi yobukoloni, ukwakhiwa kombuso wanamuhla, inkululeko yango-1968 kanye nezinkulumo-mpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngomhlaba, amandla nenkumbulo yomlando. Izifunda ezine zezwe—iHhohho, iManzini, iLubombo neShiselweni—zinezindima ezehlukene kule ntuthuko.
Tip
Sebenzisa umlando waseSwatini njengomsebenzi wokuhlola imithombo, hhayi njengomugqa wesikhathi owodwa ongaguquki. Qala ngokuchaza inkathi, indawo nesimangalo, bese uqhathanisa amarekhodi ezingobo zomlando, imivubukulo nobufakazi bomlomo, ikakhulukazi uma isihloko siphathelene nababusi bokuqala, umhlaba, ubukhosi noma izehlakalo zango-2021.