Most households combine several food sources rather than relying on one system. About 80% to 95% of people depend directly or indirectly on agriculture, livestock, fishing, wild foods, local markets or imported food. In 2025, national cereal production was estimated at 1,213,100 tonnes, while cereal needs for 2026 were estimated at about 1.53 million tonnes, leaving a deficit of roughly 317,300 tonnes. Sorghum, also called dura in some contexts, provided about 76% of national food supply in a 2022 FAO profile, and around 80% of households grew it. Cassava production reached about 2.04 million tonnes and groundnut production about 274,000 tonnes in 2025. Wheat remains especially dependent on imports, while maize, rice, beans, sesame and vegetables supplement the main staples. Regional food patterns differ. Greater Equatoria relies heavily on cassava as a preferred staple and safety-net crop, with groundnuts, maize, beans, sesame and vegetables also widely used; two harvests can be possible there. Western Equatoria was estimated to have a cereal surplus of about 93,404 tonnes in 2026, while Central Equatoria had an estimated deficit of about 72,612 tonnes and Juba County about 49,959 tonnes because of urban demand. Greater Bahr el Ghazal produces sorghum, groundnuts and cassava, and the Aweil Rice Scheme contributes rice. Greater Upper Nile relies on sorghum, fish, wild foods and livestock but faces severe conflict, flooding and market risks; estimated 2026 cereal deficits were about 193,914 tonnes in Jonglei, 96,224 tonnes in Upper Nile and 88,272 tonnes in Unity. Harvest and post-harvest activity generally falls around December to March, while April to July is often the leaner period. In February 2026, cereal prices in Juba were about 46% higher than the already high February 2025 level. A late-2025 assessment found maize prices more than double, sorghum prices about triple and imported wheat prices about 50% higher than a year earlier; some cereal prices were up to five times the February 2024 level. Fuel, transport, insecurity on roads, currency depreciation and low local supply all raise food costs. A December 2025 field report from Yida recorded one tin of sorghum at SSP 20,000, but this was a local self-reported price rather than a national benchmark. Households commonly prepare porridge, stews and soups by boiling, frying, smoking or drying food. Porridge may use sorghum, maize, cassava or waterlily flour, and peanut paste can increase its energy content. Milk, yoghurt, butter, fish, meat, okra, dodo and other local greens, onions, tomatoes, lime, pumpkin and simsim are common ingredients. Walwal is a thick porridge; walwal akob combines porridge with milk; kisra is a local flatbread; asida is another porridge; and shaya is grilled fish. In Nuer usage, kob refers to a fermented wheat- or maize-flour dish served with fish or meat, including for guests or long journeys. These names and preparations vary by region and language rather than following one nationwide recipe. Cooking commonly uses open fires, three-stone fires, charcoal or fuelwood. A 2010 household baseline recorded solid fuel use at 99%, including 81% wood and 14% charcoal; a current national fuel mix has not been verified. Fuel access directly affects meals because households may reduce cooking time, skip meals or leave food undercooked when fuel becomes too expensive. Fuel-efficient stove projects in Yei, Aweil and Nasir reported reductions of about 20% to 50% compared with a well-managed open fire. In a 2025 Nasir example, reported firewood costs fell from SSP 4,000 to SSP 1,500 after a stove costing about SSP 15,000 was introduced, but those figures do not represent the whole country. Prepared food is available through formal restaurants, cafés, hotels and shops mainly in urban areas, especially Juba. Market stalls, cooked-food vendors, tea stalls and roadside sellers operate alongside them. A 2019 urban market survey recorded market stalls selling cooked food, tea and dried or smoked fish, but there is no reliable nationwide menu or price list. Availability and affordability change with location, security, household income and daily market supply. Nutrition problems reflect both the quantity and quality of food. UNICEF and food-security monitoring in 2024 reported minimum meal frequency of 7.5%, minimum dietary diversity of 16.5% and minimum acceptable diet of 2.1%. Conflict, displacement, illness, unsafe water, limited sanitation, food prices and weak infant-feeding practices all contribute. Practical support includes counselling on maternal, infant and young-child nutrition, mother-to-mother groups, community nutrition volunteers, kitchen gardens, cooking demonstrations, screening and referral, and treatment for severe acute malnutrition. Cash-based programmes in 2025 covered seven states and one administrative area and reached about 13,058 caregivers, especially pregnant or breastfeeding women and caregivers of children under two; access depends on the programme, partner and vulnerability assessment rather than a universal food benefit. Food safety institutions include the South Sudan Drug and Food Authority, South Sudan National Bureau of Standards, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, and the National Codex Committee. Workshops in Juba during 2025 aimed to activate or restructure national Codex structures. A WHO assessment listed national surveillance for foodborne disease and contaminants as a 2026 target, with implementation not yet started in the November 2025 snapshot. Needed capacity includes testing for pathogens, aflatoxin, pesticides and antibiotic residues, national reporting, event surveillance and rapid alerts. WHO water testing from 2021 to 2023 found contamination in 683 of 1,186 samples, about 56.7%. No verified nationwide vendor-inspection system or consumer complaint channel has been documented, so safe water, handwashing, clean utensils, thorough cooking and safe storage remain practical safeguards while enforcement coverage varies locally. Households obtain food through production, purchase, exchange, family or community sharing, fishing, wild foods and assistance. WFP and partners use in-kind food, cash and local purchasing, but assistance can be interrupted by funding, logistics, insecurity or flooding. In August 2025, WFP reported general food assistance for about 1.8 million people. No universal statutory food entitlement or single nationwide service pathway has been verified. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, state agriculture ministries, county extension services and community structures support crops and early warning; the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries covers livestock and fisheries; the Ministry of Health covers nutrition and foodborne-disease surveillance; and the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management coordinates humanitarian action. Climate and livelihood risks affect long-term food supply. Floods, dry spells, pests and livestock or fish diseases can reduce production. Cassava takes about 18 to 24 months to mature but provides a useful safety net, while groundnuts offer a shorter-cycle food and cash crop. South Sudan has an estimated annual fish catch potential of about 265,000 tonnes supporting roughly 1.7 million livelihoods, yet more than 70% of the catch is smoked or dried and post-harvest losses exceed 60%. Sustainable wild-fish potential has been estimated at about 300,000 tonnes per year. Livestock numbers were estimated at about 36.5 million in 2025, including around 12 million cattle, 12.4 million goats and 12.1 million sheep; transhumance commonly moves between areas from about November to May. Climate-smart farming, flood-adapted vegetable plots, kitchen gardens, improved storage, better drying and processing, fuel-efficient stoves, woodlots, agroforestry and local purchasing can reduce pressure on food access.
Food in South Sudan
Food in South Sudan comes from household farming, livestock, fishing, wild foods, local markets, imports and humanitarian assistance. Sorghum, maize, cassava, wheat, groundnuts, beans, rice, sesame and vegetables are common staples, but access changes sharply with season, conflict, flooding, road conditions, fuel costs and currency depreciation. FAO and IPC assessments indicate that about 7.8 million people, roughly 55% of the population, faced crisis-level or worse food insecurity from April to July 2026, with famine risk in four counties in Jonglei and Upper Nile. Meals commonly include porridge, stews, fish, milk and local greens, while food prices, cooking fuel, nutrition services and safe water shape what households can eat.
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