Pavanhu vane makore 16 zvichikwira, QLFS Q2 2025 yakanyora vanhu 4,020,125 vari musimba revashandi uye 3,186,598 vaiva nemabasa muZimbabwe. Mushumo mumwe chete wakanyora kushaikwa kwemabasa kuri 20.7%. Basa risiri repamutemo rinowanzoshaya chimwe kana kupfuura pane izvi: mudyandigere unobhadharwa nemushandirwi, zororo regore rinobhadharwa, zororo rekurwara rinobhadharwa uye chibvumirano chakanyorwa. Saka dziviriro inowanikwa nemushandi inogona kusiyana zvikuru pakati pebasa repamutemo nerisiri repamutemo. Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare (MPSLSW) inopa mahara basa rehurumende rekubatsira kutsvaga basa: kunyoresa vanotsvaga basa, kuisa vanhu pamabasa akashambadzwa, kutsvaga mabasa, kuraira nezvemabasa, ruzivo rwemusika webasa nekuvandudza hunyanzvi. Zvinangwa zvebasa racho zvinosanganisira kunyoresa mukati meawa rimwe uye kuisa munhu pabasa rakaziviswa mukati memaawa 24. Sangano rakazvimirira rekuisa vanhu pamabasa rinofanira kunyoreswa gore negore, kuzivisa mari yaro uye kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi, ruzivo, mubhadharo unodiwa, mushandirwi nezuva rinotarisirwa kutanga. Mari yarinogona kubhadharisa pakuwana basa haifaniri kudarika 5% yemubhadharo wemwedzi wokutanga; zvichemo zvine chinangwa chekugadziriswa mumazuva manomwe. Chibvumirano chebasa chinogona kunge chakanyorwa kana chemuromo, asi mushandirwi anofanira kupa mashoko ebasa akanyorwa pakutanga. Anofanira kutsanangura zita remushandirwi, nguva yebasa, nguva yokuedzwa, employment code inoshanda, mubhadharo nemaverengerwo awo nenguva yokubhadhara, mabhenefiti pakurwara nepamuviri, maawa ebasa, mabhonasi kana zvinokurudzira, zororo regore nemubhadharo waro, nemamwe mabhenefiti. Kana nguva isina kunyorwa, chibvumirano chinowanzotorwa sechisingaperi. Basa renguva pfupi rinopfuura mavhiki matanhatu mukati memwedzi mina rinowanzotorwa sechibvumirano chisingaperi. Zvibvumirano zvenguva yakatarwa, zvemwaka nezvebasa chairo zvinoda kuongororwa zvakasiyana nokuti mitemo yokuguma kwazvo inosiyana. Munhu ari pasi pemakore 16 kazhinji haabvumirwi kushanda; vane makore 16 kana 17 vanodzivirirwa zvakanyanya uye vari pasi pemakore 18 havabvumirwi kuita basa rine njodzi. Munhu asiri mugari weZimbabwe anowanzoda Temporary Employment Permit (TEP) inopiwa neDepartment of Immigration. Kunyorera kunoshandisa IF5 nemafomu ebasa, uye kazhinji kunoda tsamba yekunyorera, pasipoti, mifananidzo miviri, CV, chibvumirano, zvitupa zvedzidzo zvakasimbiswa, clearance yemapurisa yakabudiswa mukati memwedzi mitanhatu, nemagwaro emushandirwi kana kambani. Mari yacho iUS$500 pamwe neUS$300 kumunhu mumwe nomumwe anovimba newe; MPSLSW inoronga kutorwa kwevashandi vekunze. Chinangwa chenguva yekugadziriswa kweTEP mavhiki maviri. Mubhadharo unobva pachibvumirano, mitemo yechikamu, National Employment Council (NEC), chibvumirano chekubatana kwevashandi nevashandirwi (CBA) kana mitemo yebasa rehurumende. Zimbabwe haina nhamba imwe yemuhoro inoshanda kuzvikamu zvose. Statutory Instrument 186/2024 inopa US$150 pamwedzi semuhoro unoshandiswa kana mubhadharo usina kumwe kudzorwa, asi haibati vashandi vekurima nevemumba; tarisa zviziviso zvemuhoro zvechikamu, mari inobhadharwa nayo, giredhi, maawa, overtime, zvakabviswa, zororo, chokufambisa, pekugara nemudyandigere zvakasiyana. Vashandirwi vanobvisa Pay As You Earn (PAYE) voitumira kuZIMRA panosvika zuva rechigumi remwedzi unotevera. Muna 2026, pamihoro yeUS dollar, miganhu yePAYE inotanga pa0% kusvika US$100 pamwedzi, yobva yakwira nematanho e20%, 25%, 30%, 35% ne40%, pamwe ne3% AIDS Levy. Mihoro yakasanganisa US dollar neZimbabwe dollar inoda kuverengwa nemutemo wemari yega yega. Mupiro weNational Social Security Authority (NSSA) unowanzova 4.5% kubva kumushandirwi uye 4.5% kubva kumushandi pamari inopihwa inishuwarenzi, kusvika pamuganhu unoratidzwa neNSSA seUS$700 uye unogona kuchinja kota yega yega. Kubvisirwa mushandi kunoshanda ari pasi pemakore 65; mipiro inobhadharwa mwedzi woga woga kusvikira basa rapera. Muripo wekukuvara pabasa nekudzivirira tsaona zvakasiyana nemipiro yeNSSA. Muganhu weLabour Act wemaawa ebasa i195 pamwedzi, 90 mumazuva 14 kana 45 pavhiki, uye zororo revhiki rinenge maawa 24. Zororo nemubhadharo wemazororo ehurumende, sick leave, vacation leave, special leave, maternity leave nenguva yokuyamwisa zvinotevera mitemo yemutemo pamwe nemamiriro echikamu kana echibvumirano ari nani. Sick leave inogona kusvika mazuva 90 nemubhadharo wakazara uye mamwe mazuva 90 nehafu yemubhadharo kana paine gwaro rachiremba. Mushure megore rokutanga, vacation leave inoungana pamwedzi mumwe chete kubva pagore rega rega rebasa rinokodzera, kusvika mazuva 90. Special leave inogona kusvika mazuva 12 pagore. Maternity leave mazuva 98 nemubhadharo wakazara kana mushandi ashanda gore rimwe chete, asi inongowanikwa katatu; kazhinji maternity leave inobhadharwa kamwe chete mumwedzi 24. Mushandi ari kuyamwisa anogona kuwana awa rimwe kana nguva mbiri dzemaminitsi 30 pazuva kusvikira mwana ava nemwedzi mitanhatu. Vashandi vane kodzero yemitemo yebasa yakarurama, hutano nekuchengeteka, kusamanikidzwa kushanda, mubhadharo wakaenzana webasa rakaenzana uye kusasarurwa pakutsvaga, mubhadharo, mudyandigere, zororo, kudzidziswa, kukwidziridzwa, kutamisirwa kana kuderedzwa. Zvikonzero zvinodzivirirwa zvinosanganisira rudzi, dzinza, kwawakabva, maonero ezvematongerwo enyika, ruvara, chitendero, murume kana mukadzi, pamuviri, HIV kana AIDS uye kuremara. Mhirizhonga nokushungurudzwa zvinorambidzwa kubasa, munzira dzekuenda nokudzoka, parwendo rwebasa, kuburikidza neICT uye munzvimbo yokugara inopiwa nemushandirwi. Vashandi vanogona kupinda mubatanidzwa wevashandi uye kushandisa workers committee, NEC kana CBA pazvinoshanda. Mushandi anogona kutanga kunyunyuta achishandisa employment code yemushandirwi, workers committee kana mubatanidzwa wevashandi, ozotaura neLabour Officer. Labour Administration inotarisira ongororo nekugadzirisa kusawirirana; kuyananisa, conciliation nearbitration zvinogona kuwanikwa. Chinangwa chenguva yebasa rehurumende mazuva manomwe pachichemo nemazuva 30 pakugadzirisa kusawirirana. Labour Court inobata kukwidzwa kwezvisarudzo nekumanikidza kutevedzwa. Chengeta chibvumirano, mapepa emihoro, marongero emaawa, zvinyorwa zvezororo, zviziviso netsamba. Basa rinogona kupera nokusiya basa, kuenda pamudyandigere, kupera kwechibvumirano chenguva yakatarwa kana basa chairo, retrenchment kana imwe nzira iri pamutemo. Pachibvumirano chisingaperi, nguva yokuzivisa inowanzova mwedzi mitatu mushure memakore maviri kana kupfuura, mwedzi miviri mushure megore rimwe asi risati rasvika maviri, mwedzi mumwe mushure memwedzi mitanhatu asi isati yasvika gumi nemiviri, mavhiki maviri mushure memwedzi mitatu asi isati yasvika mitanhatu, uye zuva rimwe kana isati yasvika mwedzi mitatu. Basa renguva pfupi nere mwaka risina kusvika mwedzi mitatu rinowanzoda ziviso yezuva rimwe. Nguva yokuedzwa inogona kusvika mwedzi mitatu, ine ziviso yemavhiki maviri, kana vhiki rimwe pabasa renguva pfupi nere mwaka. Mushure meLabour Amendment Act 2023, mushandirwi kazhinji haagoni kugumisa chibvumirano chisingaperi nokungopa ziviso; panowanzodiwa chibvumirano chakanyorwa chekubvumirana kana kutyorwa kwemutemo kwakasimbiswa mushure mekuongorora kwakakodzera pasi peemployment code. Kupera kwechibvumirano chenguva yakatarwa hakusi kungogumisa basa zvisiri pamutemo, uye kuvandudzwa kwacho hakufaniri kufungidzirwa. Muripo wokupedzisira unofanira kusanganisira mihoro nemabhenefiti kusvikira zuva rokuguma, vacation leave yasara, mari yeziviso painodiwa, medical aid, social security nemudyandigere. Mushandirwi anofanira kubhadhara nekukurumidza pazvinokwanisika; kunonoka kana kusabhadhara kungava unfair labour practice. Retrenchment ine nzira yayo: ziviso yakanyorwa inopiwa mazuva 14 pachine nguva kuvashandi kana employment council, Retrenchment Board nevashandi vanokanganiswa. SI 191/2024 inoisa hushoma hwemwedzi mumwe wemuhoro pagore rimwe nerimwe rebasa, uye chikamu chinoenderana nenguva yegore risina kukwana. Chitupa cheBoard chine chinangwa chemazuva 14; chikumbiro chemushandirwi asingakwanisi kubhadhara chinoda kubhadhara 25% kana kupfuura pamwe nechikumbiro kuNEC kana Board, zvisarudzo zvine chinangwa chemazuva 30 uye kukwidza kuLabour Court kunowanzova nemuganhu wemazuva 21.
Basa muZimbabwe
Basa muZimbabwe rinoreva basa rinobhadharwa, kubva pakutsvaga basa kusvika pakubhadharwa, mamiriro ebasa nokugumiswa kwehukama hwebasa. Kune mabasa epamutemo uye chikamu chikuru chebasa risiri repamutemo: QLFS Q2 2025 yakanyora 35.8% vari mumabasa epamutemo, 58.5% mune asiri epamutemo uye 5.7% mubasa remhuri rekuzvishandisira kana reboka. Chibvumirano chakanyorwa, mubhadharo uri pamutemo, zororo, mipiro yesocial security uye mitemo yakajeka yokugumisa basa ndizvo zvinofanira kuongororwa; zvinosiyana nechikamu, National Employment Council, chibvumirano chevashandi, basa rehurumende nerudzi rwechibvumirano.
Tip
Bata basa ripi neripi muZimbabwe sekuongorora magwaro nemubhadharo, zvikurukuru kana basa risiri repamutemo kana mashoko acho ari emuromo chete. Usati watanga, wana mashoko ebasa akanyorwa, simbisa mitemo yemubhadharo yechikamu kana chibvumirano, uye chengeta maawa, zororo, zvakabviswa nemari yokupedzisira. Kana usiri mugari weZimbabwe, gadzirisa Temporary Employment Permit usati wavimba nebasa kana kubhadhara mari dzine chokuita naro.