Costs in South Sudan

Households usually pay for food, housing or hosting, water, electricity or fuel, transport, health care, education, communication and basic household items. Prices are commonly expressed in South Sudanese pounds (SSP), while some humanitarian transfers and transactions use US dollars. Exchange-rate movements, oil and import dependence, conflict, flooding and road conditions can change both prices and availability quickly. The National Bureau of Statistics reported a CPI index of 198.11 in May 2025, with monthly inflation of 4.59% and annual inflation of 58.21%. Food and non-alcoholic beverages accounted for 47.72% of the CPI basket, while housing, water, electricity and gas accounted for 35.65%. These figures describe price movement rather than the exact budget of a particular household. Regional price series cover markets including Juba, Yambio, Torit, Malakal, Bentiu, Bor, Wau, Aweil, Rumbek and Kuajok, but rural households may be underrepresented. A market-based essential food and non-food measure reported SSP 449,640 in January 2025, 281% above January 2024, and SSP 678,767 in June 2025 compared with SSP 546,963 in March 2025. The Cost of a Minimum Expenditure Basket is calculated monthly from weekly market prices. These measures help track changing prices but should not be treated as a universal household allowance. Grain prices are especially volatile: by November 2025, maize cost more than twice as much as a year earlier, sorghum about three times as much, and imported wheat about 50% more. Some cereals reached up to five times their February 2024 price. Seasonal harvests can reduce prices temporarily, while Upper Nile is particularly exposed to supply and road costs. Housing is mainly private and informal. A household may rent from a landlord, live in a compound, stay with family or use a hosting arrangement. No reliable national rent list or standardized social-rent system is established. Juba is generally the most expensive market. In a 2024 MSF household expenditure study, median monthly rent or housing costs were SSP 200,000 in the capital, SSP 123,953 in Bahr el Ghazal, SSP 111,558 in Upper Nile and SSP 63,988 in Equatoria. Deposits, security, water, electricity and other services may be charged separately or included in the housing payment. Location, security and facilities can change the price substantially. Utilities are also fragmented. Water may come from SSUWC, local municipal services, private suppliers, water tankers or kiosks. Electricity supply is limited and may involve municipal or cooperative arrangements, generators, diesel, other fuels and repairs. The same MSF study recorded median monthly utility costs of SSP 150,000 in the capital, SSP 100,000 in Bahr el Ghazal, SSP 75,000 in Upper Nile and SSP 60,000 in Equatoria, with SSP 99,163 for the full sample. Transport costs include fares, fuel, market access and, in some areas, river, road or air travel. There is no stable nationwide fare list. Security checks, checkpoints, rain, flooding and damaged roads can increase both the price and the time of travel. The MSF study recorded median monthly transport and fuel costs of SSP 120,000 in the capital, SSP 100,000 in Bahr el Ghazal, SSP 61,977 in Upper Nile and SSP 90,000 in Equatoria. Health spending is financially fragmented across Ministry of Health services, public facilities, NGO and Health Pooled Fund-supported facilities, and private clinics. Treatment may be subsidized, but medicines, tests, referrals, transport, private treatment and unavailable services can create additional costs. Out-of-pocket spending represented 34.4% of health spending in the WHO 2025 health profile, while external funding covered about half of recurrent health spending in 2022 and out-of-pocket pressure was increasing. No effective nationwide insurance or uniform cost-coverage pathway is established. Primary and secondary education are generally intended to be free under the 2023 government directive, but practical access can still involve fees, uniforms, books, materials, transport, meals, parent-teacher association contributions and teacher contributions. UNICEF reported that fewer than 22% of teachers were on the government payroll in 2023, and fees were rising in 2025. In the MSF study, median monthly education costs were SSP 175,300 in the capital, SSP 80,333 in Bahr el Ghazal, SSP 88,750 in Upper Nile and SSP 96,042 in Equatoria. Private schooling accounted for 66% of schoolchildren in the capital sample, 78% in Bahr el Ghazal, 75% in Upper Nile and 50% in Equatoria. Family costs mainly consist of food, health, housing, education and transport. South Sudan has no evidenced universal child or parental cash benefit. Targeted programmes may apply only in specified counties or to households meeting vulnerability and registration conditions. Examples include Shabaka Meisha and the Social Safety Net and Cash Transfer Programme under MAFS and MGCSW, a planned programme for 157,500 households in 20 counties, UNICEF cash grants of USD 41 per month for pregnant or breastfeeding women and caregivers of children under two, six-month USD 41 grants under SRCT, and three-month emergency transfers of USD 111 per month in Rubkona. These programmes do not create a general entitlement for every household. Mobile communication is a regular household cost where phone access, education, work and transfers depend on data. Zain South Sudan lists packages such as 30 MB per day for SSP 1,570, 15 GB per month for SSP 143,600, 30 GB for SSP 258,500, 50 GB for SSP 330,300, 100 GB for SSP 574,400 and 250 GB for SSP 789,800. MTN South Sudan lists a SIM for SSP 300 including 500 MB and 10 minutes. Prices can change with inflation and exchange rates. Paid leisure is less consistently measured and is mainly an urban or private expense; social, religious and community activities often provide lower-cash alternatives. The CPI recreation and culture category covers only three positions and has a weight of 0.04%, so Juba leisure prices should not be applied nationally. For a working budget, record the state, town or market and the date of each estimate. Separate household size, earners, food sources, rent or hosting, children, illness and transport needs. Keep SSP and USD amounts separate. Use a food, market-basket or minimum-expenditure figure as a baseline, then compare it with household spending. The MSF study found a median household of 11 people with one full-time earner and median monthly spending of SSP 748,600: SSP 250,000 for food, SSP 123,953 for rent or housing, SSP 99,163 for utilities, SSP 90,000 for transport and fuel, SSP 102,500 for education and SSP 82,984 for basic non-food items. The sample was not nationally representative and mainly covered NGO or professional households. Its national lower, median and upper spending bands were SSP 424,542, SSP 748,600 and SSP 1,265,996 per month; the capital bands were SSP 590,350, SSP 1,031,643 and SSP 1,594,436. Update food and fuel estimates at least monthly and, during volatile periods, weekly. Keep separate reserves for medical care, travel, repairs, seasonal shortages and security-related costs. National poverty figures show why averages can mislead: the World Bank household survey estimated 76% of people below the national poverty line of SSP 358,724 per person per year and 70% in extreme poverty, while later modelling estimated about 92% poverty in 2024. Survey and model estimates have different reference periods. Banking, debt and taxes are separate subjects, although exchange rates, charges and taxes may affect the final amount paid.