Roads form the main transport system in Somalia. The network covers about 22,000 kilometres, but only around 2,860 kilometres are paved, or approximately 13 percent. Most roads are in poor or very poor condition, and only 31.2 percent of the rural population has access to an all-season road. Road rehabilitation and expansion projects aim to increase paved roads to 6,532 kilometres by 2034. Bridges, flooding, security conditions and illegal roadblocks can still interrupt travel or add multiple informal payments. Urban and intercity services use private cars, vans, trucks and auto rickshaws, also called tuk-tuks. Public Service Vehicles, commonly shortened to PSV, operate mainly through private or informal providers. Somalia does not have a verified nationwide register of lines, timetables or fares. Availability, payment practices, vehicle standards and enforcement vary significantly between the Federal Government of Somalia, federal member states, Somaliland, Puntland and individual cities. A fare quoted for one city or journey should not be treated as a national tariff. The Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation, commonly abbreviated as MOTCA or MTCA, coordinates transport governance, airports and national airlines. The Ministry of Public Works, Reconstruction and Housing and the Somalia National Highway Authority deal with national roads, bridges, right-of-way, axle loads and road safety under the Somalia Roads Load Law 2018. Traffic Police enforce traffic rules, support safety campaigns and record crashes. The Traffic Code 1962 remains a cited legal basis, together with the Highway Code, traffic signs, speed limits, driving direction and instructions from police or other authorised officials. There is no single current, consolidated public dataset covering all national traffic rules and enforcement practices. The highway authority may control vehicle dimensions and axle loads, while tolls or road charges require ministerial approval. A driving licence is issued through MOTCA. The application normally requires a valid passport, national identity card, two passport photographs, proof of payment and a medical report, followed by a driving test. The listed fee is US$105, payable through mobile money or a bank account, and the licence is valid for five years with renewal possible. Vehicle registration, roadworthiness records and licence statistics are not yet consistently available as a nationwide public system. Anyone relying on a local procedure should verify the current requirements with the responsible transport office. The federal cabinet suspended the import of auto rickshaws, including cargo versions, and motorcycles from 1 April 2023 until further notice. The suspension is nationwide, while a registration review took place in Banaadir from 1 to 30 April 2023. A PSV driving licence requires a minimum age of 18. New number plates were also suspended from 1 May 2023 under the reported measures. MOTCA, the Banaadir Regional Administration and law-enforcement bodies share implementation responsibilities, so the current enforcement position should be checked locally. Somalia has no active railway network. Rail construction remains limited to feasibility studies and possible future projects, so trains are not a current domestic alternative. Long-distance movement mainly uses road corridors linking ports, cities, federal member states and neighbouring countries. World Bank, Federal Government of Somalia and African Development Bank projects support regional connectivity, trade facilitation, road safety, cargo tracking and transit systems. Additional African Development Bank financing in 2025 and 2026 supports the Horn of Africa corridor connecting Somalia, Djibouti and Ethiopia. Air transport serves domestic and international travel where flights and security conditions permit. International and national aerodromes include Mogadishu Aden Abdulle, Hargeisa Egal, Berbera, Bosaso, Kismayo and Garowe, along with other national visual-flight airfields. The Somali Civil Aviation Authority, or SCAA, regulates aviation, air navigation and aerodrome approval. Each aerodrome must be inspected and authorised. SCAA landing or overflight clearance generally requires at least 48 hours before the flight. Scheduled foreign flights require a permit at least 72 hours in advance, while non-scheduled passenger, cargo, mail and private flights generally require at least 24 hours. Foreign-registered domestic commercial aircraft need a Foreign Operating Certificate. Travellers and carriers should check the current SCAA eAIP, AIP or AIC because airport status and fees can change. Air cargo normally requires importer registration with the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, an import or export licence, relevant permits and a Ministry of Finance Taxpayer Identification Number. Customs declarations and duties generally apply. Depending on the goods, veterinary or phytosanitary certificates may be required, and dangerous goods require written permission from the Ministry of Interior. Somalia has a coastline of more than 3,300 kilometres. The main commercial ports are Mogadishu, Kismayo, Bosaso and Berbera, alongside smaller ports. They mainly handle imports, general cargo, livestock exports and fish exports. The Ministry of Ports and Marine Transport oversees maritime administration, safety and security, the marine environment, technical services, lighthouses, policy and planning. The Somali Port Authority and shipping agencies support port and vessel processing. The Somali Shipping Code was finalised in 2020, but parliamentary enactment was still pending at the research date. Port responsibilities, concessions, charges and procedures can therefore differ locally. A regular nationwide passenger ferry service has not been established in the available evidence. Walking and cycling support everyday local mobility, but Somalia has no verified nationwide network of protected cycle lanes, pedestrian facilities or safety standards. Conditions differ sharply between towns and roads, so the safety of walking or cycling must be assessed at the specific location. Transport planning increasingly addresses climate resilience. Federal policy and development projects focus on reducing environmental impacts and designing roads and ports to withstand natural hazards, but reliable nationwide data on emissions, modal share, noise and air pollution is not currently available.
Transport in Somalia
Somalia relies mainly on roads for movement within and between communities, while public transport is largely private, local and fragmented. Rail services are not currently operating, and air travel provides a long-distance alternative where a suitable flight is available. Road quality, rain, security conditions, checkpoints and local fees can change travel time and cost substantially.
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