History in Saint Kitts and Nevis

Indigenous communities lived on the islands before European arrival, including communities associated with the Kalinago. English and French settlers established colonies on Saint Kitts during the 1620s, and the island became a base for wider European expansion in the eastern Caribbean. Nevis was also settled by the English during the seventeenth century. Rivalry between European powers shaped military and political control, as shown by sites such as Brimstone Hill Fortress on Saint Kitts. Sugar became the central export industry on both islands. Plantation owners brought enslaved Africans to work in the fields, mills and supporting trades. Their labour created much of the wealth of the colonial economy, while slavery imposed severe violence, restrictions and loss of freedom. Britain abolished slavery in its colonies in 1834, followed by a period of apprenticeship, and full freedom came in 1838. Formerly enslaved communities then built families, churches, villages, businesses and political organizations despite continuing economic inequality. Saint Kitts, Nevis and Anguilla became an associated state of the United Kingdom in 1967. Anguilla later separated from that arrangement, while Saint Kitts and Nevis proceeded to independence as a federation in 1983. Nevis has its own island administration within the federation. A 1998 referendum on Nevis becoming independent did not reach the constitutional threshold required for separation. Modern historical interpretation therefore considers both the shared development of the federation and the distinct political, economic and social experiences of Saint Kitts and Nevis.