Latvian, called latviešu valoda, is a Baltic language and the official language of Latvia. It is related to Lithuanian, but the two are separate languages and are not automatically understandable to each other. Latvian uses the Latin alphabet with additional marks. These marks can change a sound or distinguish one letter from another, so they are meaningful parts of correct spelling. The language has grammatical endings that show relationships between words. Word forms change according to features such as case, number, gender, tense, and person. Standard Latvian is used in education, state institutions, national media, and most formal written communication. Everyday speech includes regional accents, dialect features, slang, and words influenced by contact with other languages. Latgalian, often called latgaliešu rakstu valoda in its written form, is an important language variety associated especially with Latgale. People may understand its relationship with Latvian in different cultural and linguistic ways, so respectful local terminology matters. Livonian, or lībiešu valoda, is a Finnic language connected with the Indigenous Livonian people. It has very few everyday speakers, but cultural work, teaching, place names, and community efforts keep its heritage visible. Russian is widely used by many residents, particularly in some cities and communities, but knowledge varies. English and other languages are also used, especially in tourism, international work, and among many younger people. For official matters, Latvian is the safest starting point. Translation or interpretation may be needed when accuracy matters, because friendly conversational help is not a substitute for understanding an important document.
Language in Latvia
Latvian is the official state language of Latvia and the main language of public administration and national public life. Russian is also widely understood in parts of society, while Latgalian and Livonian carry important regional and cultural meaning. Learning a few Latvian words is a practical sign of respect and makes everyday contact easier.
Tip
Start conversations with a simple Latvian greeting and ask which language works best instead of guessing. Keep names and Latvian diacritical marks correct when copying information. For medical, legal, employment, or administrative matters, arrange reliable language support before agreeing to anything.