Criminal law in India

India’s criminal justice system combines substantive offences, criminal procedure, and rules of evidence. Core modern statutes include the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, alongside special laws for particular offences. An offence may be cognizable or non-cognizable, and bailable or non-bailable. These classifications affect police powers and procedure, but a non-bailable label does not mean that bail can never be granted. For many cognizable offences, information given to police may be recorded as a First Information Report, known as an FIR. Other complaints may follow a different route or require authorization from a magistrate. Police investigate by collecting documents, statements, physical evidence, digital material, and expert findings. They may arrest only within legal powers and must follow procedural safeguards. An arrested person has important protections, including being told the grounds of arrest, access to legal assistance, and timely production before a magistrate. Courts supervise custody and decide applications concerning bail. The prosecution must prove the charge under the criminal standard of proof. The accused is entitled to a fair process, an opportunity to challenge evidence, and the benefit of the presumption of innocence. Criminal cases usually move through investigation, a police report or complaint, judicial consideration of charges, evidence, arguments, and judgment. Appeals or revisions may be available after certain decisions. Victims and witnesses should preserve evidence and seek protection or support when needed. Compensation, participation, or special procedures may be available depending on the offence and circumstances. Urgent safety comes first in cases involving violence, threats, children, trafficking, or unlawful confinement. Criminal proceedings can strongly affect liberty and reputation, so both complainants and accused persons should obtain reliable legal help early.