Elections in Germany

Elections give eligible voters in Germany the opportunity to choose political representatives. Elections are held for the Bundestag, state parliaments, local representative bodies, and the European Parliament, among others. Each of these elections concerns a different political level. Democratic elections follow fundamental principles. They are meant to be universal, direct, free, equal, and secret. No one may be forced to vote for a particular person or party or to reveal their own choice. In Bundestag elections, the German system combines the election of candidates with the election of parties. The ballot paper has a first vote and a second vote for this purpose. The first vote is for a candidate in the constituency, while the second vote is decisive above all for the composition of the Bundestag by party. In state parliamentary elections, eligible voters choose the parliament of their federal state. The exact design of the electoral system can differ between states. The official instructions on the relevant ballot paper should therefore be followed. Local elections concern political representatives in the local area, for example in municipalities, cities, or districts. Depending on the federal state, voters may have several votes and distribute them among different candidates. Local offices such as mayor may also be elected directly. In European elections, Germany’s members of the European Parliament are elected. This election concerns political decisions of the European Union and should be distinguished from Bundestag, state parliamentary, and local elections. Before an election, registered eligible voters usually receive a polling card. It gives the polling station and organizational information. People can vote at the polling station or by postal vote under the applicable rules. At the polling station, voters make their choice unobserved. The completed ballot paper is placed in the ballot box and later counted together with the other votes. Election workers ensure that the process is orderly and transparent. Elections make peaceful transfers of power possible and give political decisions democratic legitimacy. However, they do not guarantee that every individual opinion will be implemented. Majorities, minority rights, coalitions, and parliamentary deliberation are also part of the democratic system. People who are not eligible to vote or choose not to vote can still follow political discussions and get involved in other peaceful ways. Children and young people, for example, can take part in youth councils, student councils, or local participation programs. An informed decision begins with distinguishing the responsibilities of each political level from the different political proposals.