Higher education in Germany

Studying means learning a subject systematically and scientifically at a higher-education institution. Germany has public and private institutions. Their programs, teaching methods, and entry requirements may differ. Universities tend to focus strongly on academic research and offer many theoretical subjects. Universities of applied sciences (Fachhochschulen) often connect learning more closely with practical applications. Art, music, and other specialist institutions have their own subject profiles. A suitable higher-education entrance qualification is usually required for admission. These include, above all, the Abitur and, depending on the program, other school-based or vocational routes. Foreign education credentials must be assessed to determine which type of access they provide. Many degree programs are divided into bachelor’s and master’s degrees. The bachelor’s is usually the first higher-education degree, while a master’s builds on it or requires specific prior knowledge. Some subjects instead lead to a state examination or another qualification. The academic year is divided into semesters. Students attend lectures, seminars, tutorials, and placements, work independently, and take exams. Study and examination regulations set out the structure of each program. For programs with restricted admission, meeting the minimum requirements does not always guarantee a place. Other subjects may have no local selection process, but still require an application or enrollment by the deadline. The institution explains the process for each program. A dual study program combines higher-education study with work or vocational training at a company or another organization. It offers extensive practical experience but requires good organization and ties students more closely to a practice partner. Not every subject is available as a dual program. Higher education opens up academic, personal, and professional opportunities, but does not guarantee a particular job. Requirements, self-organization, and financing can be demanding. Student services, subject advisers, and social support services can help with choosing a program and dealing with problems.