The Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) leads national conservation work through its biodiversity and protected-area departments. By 2025, MARN listed 211 ANP covering more than 80,000 hectares. Management categories include national parks, protected complexes, sustainable management areas and Áreas de Conservación. An Área de Conservación can connect protected areas with buffer zones, biological corridors and surrounding influence areas. Guardarrecursos, municipalities, communities, cooperatives, the Instituto Salvadoreño de Turismo, the Policía Nacional Civil, the Navy and other public bodies may support management. El Salvador has about 300 kilometres of coast. Its main natural settings include volcanoes, lava and rock formations, highland and cloud forests, pine-oak and montane forests, dry and gallery forests, rivers, lakes, lagoons, estuaries, beaches, mangroves and rocky shores. Mangroves extend along the coast from Bola de Monte to Bahía de La Unión, and Bahía de Jiquilisco contains more than half of the country's mangrove area according to MARN. Los Cóbanos contains the country's nationally recognised coral reef and supports more than 150 marine and estuarine fish species. Wetlands provide water and groundwater regulation, flood and coastal protection, carbon storage, erosion reduction and nursery areas for fish and shellfish. The official Ramsar record lists eight internationally recognised wetland sites covering 228,719 hectares, including Laguna del Jocotal, Bahía de Jiquilisco, Barra de Santiago, Jaltepeque, Los Cóbanos, Complejo Güija, Embalse Cerrón Grande and Laguna de Olomega. A MARN wetlands page dated 27 February 2026 mentions 126 wetlands and seven Ramsar sites, so the current count should be checked against the official Ramsar list. Four marine turtle species nest in El Salvador: carey, baule, prieta and golfina. National priority programmes cover cetaceans, marine turtles, crocodiles and caimans, the yellow-naped Amazon, the spider monkey and felids. The spider monkey is El Salvador's only primate species, and current MARN and SIMACC information places its population below 250 individuals, especially around Bahía de Jiquilisco. Acuerdo 257 from 2023 provides the official list of threatened and endangered wildlife. MARN programmes use patrols, camera traps, genetic and seed banks, rescue, rehabilitation and possible release. Turtle conservation includes night patrols, authorised incubation nests and controlled releases; at Los Cóbanos, more than 38,000 eggs were protected during 2025–2026. Fishing, aquaculture, agriculture, mangrove products, nature tourism, research and education can support local livelihoods, especially around Jiquilisco, Jaltepeque, Los Cóbanos and Barra de Santiago. Activities in an ANP are allowed only under the applicable category, management plan, permit or concession and environmental conditions. Research, turtle-egg collection and incubation, wildlife trade and marine-wildlife observation require authorisation. Wildlife rules restrict taking or disturbing protected species, handling nests or eggs, setting fires, leaving waste and approaching marine mammals improperly. Projects in sensitive areas may require an environmental impact assessment; public consultation for an environmental impact assessment lasts 10 days. Only publicly opened ANP areas can be visited, and opening hours and conditions vary by site. The Pasaporte Verde programme listed 13 participating ANP in 2026. Montecristo requires an application and supporting documents to MARN, while Los Volcanes San Blas and Las Brumas allow access without advance booking under the stated exception. Published tariffs dated 11 August 2020 list USD 0.50 for national students with identification, USD 1 for private-school students, USD 3 for nationals and USD 6 for foreign visitors; their current validity should be confirmed before travel. Published examples include 7:30–15:30 at Montecristo and Los Andes, 8:00–17:00 at Los Almendros and site-specific hours at San Blas and Canal El Zapatero. In Los Cóbanos, licensed whale-watching providers may use no more than two boats at once, observe for up to 30 minutes, keep 100 metres from whales or 200 metres from a whale with a calf, and prohibit swimming, snorkelling and interaction. Life jackets are required, and humpback whales are mainly observed from about November to March. Environmental education includes MARN's free Escuela Ambiental Virtual, with modules on ecosystems and biodiversity, wildlife, marine ecosystems, sustainable tourism and water resources. The biodiversity module has five topics, requires at least 70 percent and provides a virtual diploma. Aulas al Aire Libre operate at Montecristo and Barra de Santiago or Canal El Zapatero. Nature-related hazards include volcanic activity, lava, lahars, pyroclastic flows, rock fragments, landslides, flash floods, flooding, coastal erosion, tsunamis and drought. Fires become more likely during the dry and windy season; agricultural burning is prohibited nationwide, with additional restrictions in ANP buffer zones, near gallery forests and in mangroves. MARN prevention work uses firebreaks, water reservoirs, drones, pumps, CNIF and local fire subcommittees. Conservation conflicts include habitat fragmentation, conversion of mangroves to farmland or shrimp ponds, agrochemicals, deforestation, overfishing, destructive fishing methods, illegal wildlife removal and trade, ghost nets, plastic, wastewater, sediment, invasive species, fires, illegal occupation and unmanaged tourism. In Bahía de Jiquilisco, erosion and sediment from Jucuarán, aquaculture and agricultural conversion add pressure; Los Cóbanos faces pollution, destructive fishing, sedimentation, climate effects and tourism pressure. Management plans under the Ley de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (LANP) should involve affected communities. Local committees, municipalities, communities and MARN balance habitat protection with fishing, aquaculture, agriculture and local income.
Nature in El Salvador
El Salvador's nature includes volcanic mountains, cloud forests, dry forests, rivers, wetlands, mangroves, beaches and marine habitats such as the coral reef at Los Cóbanos. Protected areas, called Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP), conserve these places while allowing regulated fishing, farming, aquaculture, tourism, research and education. Nature supports water regulation, flood and coastal protection, fisheries, food, income and recreation, but faces habitat loss, pollution, fire, overfishing and unmanaged use. Access, activities and species protection depend on the site's rules, management plan and any required permit.
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