Romantic relationship in Brunei

In everyday life, a romantic relationship in Brunei may be referred to as dating (berpacaran). For Muslim couples, the formal path typically leads from discreetly getting to know each other or courtship to marriage through an Islamic marriage contract (nikah) or kahwin. A valid marriage requires the consent of both people and generally a marriage guardian (wali) or a court-appointed guardian (wali Hakim). The competent office reviews the application; citizens and permanent residents ordinarily must obtain the required approval before marrying in Brunei or abroad through the district approval office (4PROI) or the district approval office (PPPPROI) in the responsible district. Identity documents, proof of marital status, death or divorce certificates where applicable, confirmation from the village head and a prescribed fee may be required. Marriage may include the agreed marriage payment (mas kahwin), possible customary gifts (Berian), and, after registration, a marriage certificate (Marriage Certificate), marriage card (Marriage Card) and conditional-marriage certificate (Ta’liq Certificate). For an additional marriage, a Muslim man also needs written permission from an Islamic judge (Syar’ie Judge), together with information about the reasons, income, dependants and the existing wife’s view. Non-Muslim couples generally use the civil marriage registry (Civil Marriage Registry) under the civil marriage law (Marriage Act); Muslim marriages do not follow this route. Requirements include free consent, no existing marriage and a sound state of mind, as well as normally at least 14 days of notice and at least 14 days of residence. The factsheet lists two stamps costing 10 BND each and a certificate of no impediment (Certificate of No Impediment) costing 50 BND per application; age, guardianship and licensing requirements must be checked in each individual case. Public displays of affection may cause offence, so private and discreet meetings usually create fewer conflicts. Prohibited seclusion (Khalwat) can involve Muslims or non-Muslims with a Muslim person when cohabitation, confinement or close proximity gives rise to suspicion; under the current Syariah criminal code (Syariah Penal Code), this may carry a fine of up to 4,000 BND and/or one year of imprisonment. Zina refers to sexual intercourse without a valid marriage and may lead to more severe sanctions depending on the offence, religious status and evidence. Liwat is treated under the same Zina scheme, and the offence of female same-sex sexual activity (musahaqah) may, for a Muslim woman or a non-Muslim woman with a Muslim woman under the conditions stated in the law, lead to up to 40,000 BND, ten years of imprisonment or 40 strokes, as well as up to two of those sanctions. A mere relationship or cohabitation does not automatically create a marriage, maintenance claims or other marital rights. The JAPEM counselling unit (JAPEM) provides free individual, couple and family counselling, mediation and social follow-up. In cases of domestic violence, JAPEM can help with forms and referrals to the Syariah or civil court; in emergencies, the numbers are police 993, ambulance service 991 and Talian Darussalam helpline (Talian Darussalam) 123. A Muslim marriage is ended through the Syariah Court for divorce or annulment, with details provided about the grounds, reconciliation attempts, maintenance, living arrangements, care and division of property. Non-Muslim marriages have civil routes through the Civil Marriage Registry and the Supreme Court; the exact fees and duration depend on the case.