State in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina, often called Bosna i Hercegovina or BiH, is one internationally recognized sovereign state. Its constitutional system divides public power among the state, two entities, Brčko District, cantons, cities, and municipalities. The two entities are the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly shortened to FBiH, and Republika Srpska, commonly shortened to RS. An entity is not an independent country, but it has its own institutions and many important responsibilities. Brčko District is a self-governing administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It belongs formally to both entities under a special arrangement and has its own institutions rather than following the ordinary entity structure. The state level handles matters that require action for the whole country, including foreign relations, monetary policy, customs, and important parts of international trade, migration, and defense. Its principal institutions include a three-member Presidency, the Council of Ministers, and the two-chamber Parliamentary Assembly. The Presidency collectively performs the role of head of state. The Council of Ministers carries out state-level executive work, while the Parliamentary Assembly adopts state laws through the House of Representatives and the House of Peoples. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into ten cantons, each with its own government and assembly. Responsibilities such as education, policing, health services, and social policy may therefore be shared or divided between the Federation and its cantons. Republika Srpska has a more centralized entity structure and no cantons. Its entity institutions work alongside cities and municipalities, which provide many services close to residents. Bosnia and Herzegovina recognizes Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs as constituent peoples, while other citizens also form part of the population. Power-sharing and protections for collective interests shape many institutions, but they can also make decisions slow and difficult. The practical question is usually not whether a public service exists, but which institution controls it in a particular place. A resident may need a state, entity, district, cantonal, city, or municipal office depending on the issue and address.