School in Angola

Formal education begins, depending on the institution, with preschool education (Educação Pré-Escolar). This includes nurseries for children from about three months to three years of age, kindergartens or community child centres for children approximately three to five years old, and the preparatory class (Classe de Iniciação) for children approximately five to six years old. The preparatory class may also take place in a primary school. Community preschool institutions are intended particularly for children in rural and remote areas and are supposed to be offered free of charge. Preschool access is approximately 19 percent among children aged three to five. For enrolment, a birth registration may exceptionally be missing until the second trimester; the absence of an entry must not constitute grounds for discrimination. The transition from preschool to primary school is not automatic. Primary education (Ensino Primário) lasts six years and covers Classes 1 to 6. Three learning cycles link Classes 1 and 2, Classes 3 and 4, and Classes 5 and 6. The usual age is six to eleven; the preparatory class is not required for admission to Class 1. In the first four classes, one teacher usually teaches several subjects. In Classes 5 and 6, another teacher may be added. Instruction comprises at least 24 hours per week and focuses on reading, writing, arithmetic and basic natural sciences. Completion of primary school provides access to general secondary education. General secondary education (Ensino Secundário Geral) consists of two cycles. The first cycle covers Classes 7 to 9 and is normally intended for students aged twelve to fourteen. At least 30 hours per week and 900 teaching hours per year are provided for. The second cycle covers Classes 10 to 12 and is normally intended for young people aged fifteen to seventeen; at least 750 teaching hours per year are provided for. In the second cycle, students may focus, among other areas, on Physical and Biological Sciences, Economic and Legal Sciences, Human Sciences or Visual Arts. Afterward, higher education or entry into work is possible; details of higher education and vocational training are outside the scope of this topic. The preparatory class, primary school and the first cycle are part of compulsory schooling under the law. The state, society, families and companies share responsibility for this. Enrolment and regular attendance are mandatory at these levels. Unexcused absences may amount to no more than three times the number of weekly hours; parents should be warned when half of this limit is reached. If the limit is exceeded further, exclusion or repetition may follow. In the second cycle, unexcused failure may result in loss of the right to re-enrol and only one remaining examination opportunity. For first enrolment in primary school, the usual requirements are a form, a birth certificate or identity document, such as an identity card (cédula), and two passport photographs. For secondary school, proof of the previous school level, a form, a copy of the identity document and four passport photographs are added. Re-enrolment is usually automatic. However, it is not automatic when moving into primary school or from the first cycle to the second cycle; when changing schools, the receiving school must first confirm that a place is available. For children outside the usual age range, catch-up education programmes are available, followed later by education for young people and adults, known as Education for Youth and Adults (Ensino de Jovens e Adultos, or EJA) in Portuguese. This education may take place during the day, in the evening or in flexible formats. At primary level, adult education includes literacy for Classes 1 and 2 and subsequent literacy education for Classes 3 to 6. Public primary education is free by law. This includes enrolment, teaching, school materials and social support. The state is also supposed to provide free preparatory classes and a free first cycle, as well as student transport, school health services and school meals. For secondary school, fees and material costs may be charged to parents or students; the actual burden depends on the location and the school. Private preschools and schools charge fees. The primary school certificate is free, while fees may be charged for secondary school certificates and diplomas. A school uniform is compulsory in secondary school. Children in need in primary school may not be excluded because they lack a uniform; the municipality is supposed to provide such uniforms. The Ministry of Education (Ministério da Educação), also known as MED, sets policy and the curriculum, carries out inspections and is responsible for examinations and certification. The national curriculum is binding on public, private and public-private schools and additionally provides for 20 percent local content. State administrative bodies at local level are responsible, among other things, for budgets, buildings and facilities. The municipal administration supervises preschool education and may establish or manage public preschool institutions. Within a school, the management, secretariat, pedagogical council, school council and parents’ committee work together. The school council is intended to enable participation and transparent decision-making. Assessment is continuous and takes cognitive, psychomotor and socio-affective performance into account. There are also examinations at the end of primary school, the first cycle and the second cycle. Completion documents include the Certificate of Literary Qualifications (Certificado de Habilitações Literárias) and, in the first and second cycles respectively, the Final Study Diploma (Diploma de Final de Estudos). Foreign school certificates are valid for further education only after recognition or equivalence. The language of instruction is generally Portuguese. Angolan languages may also be used in accordance with the applicable rules. For children with hearing impairments, Angolan Sign Language (Língua Gestual Angolana) is available; blind children may use Braille. English and French are promoted as a matter of policy, without changing the school system’s focus to language teaching. Special educational support is a cross-cutting form within primary and secondary schools. A suitable school within reasonable reach should be sought; age limits may be adjusted where special support needs exist. Accessibility, adapted curricula, special examinations, individual support plans and aids such as Angolan Sign Language and Braille are provided for. The Statute specifies a maximum of 25 students in inclusive classes, including no more than five students with special support needs; a 2023 decree specifies a maximum of 26 and also no more than five. This difference should be clarified locally with the responsible school or education office. The National Institute of Special Education, the Ministry of Education and the school share responsibility, although practical facilities may fall short of the legal entitlement. School life includes uniforms, participation by parents and the community, and sports, culture and clubs. Private tutoring (explicações) consists of informal lessons that may take place, for example, in churches, homes or temporary spaces. It is not regulated and does not replace formal schooling. The national calendar applies to public, private and public-private schools. In the reference year 2025/26, classes ran from 2 September 2025 to 31 July 2026, with 48 school weeks, 193 school days, 41 teaching weeks and 182 teaching days in three trimesters. For new admissions, selection was scheduled from 27 July to 12 August 2026 and enrolment from 17 to 21 August 2026; the official start of the 2026/27 school year was 1 September 2026. A daily schedule may comprise no more than six teaching hours. Access remains the greatest practical challenge. According to the 2024 Census, 62.1 percent of children aged six to eleven attended primary school nationwide; the proportion was 75.1 percent in urban areas and 40.3 percent in rural areas. Among young people aged twelve to eighteen, the secondary school attendance rate was 41.9 percent, compared with 55.2 percent in urban areas and 15.1 percent in rural areas. 34.2 percent of young people aged fifteen to eighteen were outside the school system, rising to 61.9 percent in rural areas. 24.2 percent of the population aged five and over had never attended school; the proportion was 12.9 percent in urban areas and 47.0 percent in rural areas. The literacy rate among people aged fifteen and over was 72.6 percent, including 79.6 percent for men and 66.0 percent for women. UIS modelled completion rates for 2024 at 63.5 percent in primary education, 38.9 percent in lower secondary education and 20.0 percent in upper secondary education. A UNICEF page gives different figures, including 82 percent net enrolment in primary school, a 64 percent completion rate and 17 percent outside the school system. These figures apparently refer to different years or measures and must not be added together. Missing buildings and places, long distances, poverty, lost work opportunities, unevenly distributed teachers and materials, and regional and gender-related differences shape access to schooling in Angola.