Archaeological evidence records rock art from around 10,000 BCE, seasonal camps and villages from around 5,000 BCE, and major environmental change after Sahara aridification began around 3,400 BCE. The Kerma culture and the first Kingdom of Kush flourished around 2,500–1,500 BCE. Egypt's New Kingdom controlled areas south to the Fourth Cataract between about 1,550 and 1,070 BCE. Napatan Kush developed from about 900 to 270 BCE, and Kushite rulers governed Egypt during the eighth and seventh centuries BCE. Meroitic Kush, centered at Meroe from about 270 BCE to 350 or 400 CE, developed its own script, iron production, pyramids, temples and long-distance connections with the Mediterranean, Red Sea and wider Africa. Gebel Barkal, the royal cemeteries at El-Kurru and Nuri, Meroe, Naqa, Musawwarat es-Sufra, Sanam and Zuma preserve evidence of these societies.
History in Sudan
Sudan's history traces human settlement in the Middle Nile from at least 300,000 years ago to the ongoing war that began on 15 April 2023. It includes Nubia and Kush, Christian kingdoms, Islamic and regional sultanates, colonial rule, independence, civil wars, revolution and current conflict. Reliable study combines archaeology, inscriptions, archives, oral history and museum objects while recognizing that Sudan has never had only one regional, cultural or political history.
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