Language in São Tomé and Príncipe

Portuguese is the language of laws, official documents, courts, government communication, schools, radio and television. The 2012 national census, published in 2013, recorded Portuguese for 98.4% of the population. Its local variety is commonly called Português santomense, but no separate local institution responsible for standardizing it is documented. Forro, also called Sãotomense or Santomense, is the most widespread local language, especially on São Tomé. Angolar, also known as Ngola or n’golá, is associated particularly with Angolar communities and parts of the coastal districts of Caué and Lembá. Lunguié, also written Lung’ie or Principense, is closely associated with Príncipe. Cabo-verdiano or Kabuverdianu, French, English and other languages are also used by parts of the population. Census language responses could include more than one language, so their percentages do not add up to 100%. Portuguese is normally required in formal dealings with the State, the Assembleia Nacional, the Government, tribunals, district councils and the regional government and assembly of Príncipe. No general legal right to receive official documents or interpretation in a local language has been documented, and no language-specific administrative fees or deadlines are established. Local languages therefore provide practical access in family, village and island communities, but they do not have a documented co-official status. The Ministry of Education and Higher Education, known as MEES, uses Portuguese for instruction and curricula in basic and secondary education. A nationwide bilingual education pathway in local languages is not documented. MEES materials include research and teaching resources on Forro, Angolar and Lung’ie, including work on shared spelling conventions. A manual and dictionary exist for Língua Gestual de São Tomé e Príncipe, but its legal status and general access arrangements remain unclear. Portuguese is predominant in state information and formal media. Local Creole languages appear mainly in oral, cultural and community-based media rather than through a documented equal-language media system. Forro, Angolar and Lunguié remain significant for oral history, popular poetry, myths, music and theatre. Their preservation is mainly informal or non-formal, without a documented central language-protection institution. Portuguese gives the broadest access to written information, school systems and formal political participation; local languages remain especially relevant for daily interaction, cultural identity and community life.