Labor law in Spain

Spanish labor law combines legislation, collective agreements, employment contracts, and certain established workplace practices. A contract cannot normally remove mandatory protections that apply to the worker. The central employment relationship is the contrato de trabajo. Its real nature depends on how the work is organized, not only on the label written on the document. Collective agreements are called convenios colectivos. They often regulate job groups, pay structures, working schedules, leave, and other conditions for a sector or company. Employment may be open-ended or based on a legally valid temporary reason. Part-time work, training arrangements, remote work, and agency work have additional rules. Workers have rights concerning pay, rest, leave, equality, dignity, privacy, and occupational safety. Employers may organize and supervise work, but must respect legal and contractual limits. Changes to duties, schedules, workplace, or other important conditions can have legal consequences. Workers should request the reason in writing and avoid treating an informal announcement as the complete legal record. Dismissal is called despido. Different grounds and procedures exist, and a worker can challenge whether the dismissal was justified and properly handled. Work disputes may begin with an internal complaint, worker representative, labor inspectorate, or formal conciliation process. Social courts, called juzgados de lo social, decide many unresolved employment and social-security disputes. Employment claims often depend on short procedural periods and clear evidence. The contract, convenio colectivo, payslips, schedules, time records, messages, and dismissal letter are therefore important.