Civil law in Spain

Civil law regulates rights and duties between private persons and organizations. It provides the basic framework for agreements, ownership, family relationships, inheritance, and private claims. The Spanish Civil Code, called Código Civil, is central but not exclusive. Some autonomous communities have their own civil law in particular fields. Contracts are created through agreement and may be binding even without a long formal document. Some transactions require a special form, and written evidence makes terms easier to prove. An obligation may require payment, delivery, work, or restraint from an act. Failure to perform can lead to demands for performance, termination, compensation, or another remedy allowed by law. Property law distinguishes ownership from possession and regulates transfers, shared ownership, and rights over land or objects. Notaries and public registries are especially important in major property transactions. Civil liability can require a person who unlawfully causes harm to compensate the injured party. The claimant generally needs to establish the relevant conduct, harm, and connection between them. Family law covers marriage, partnerships where recognized, parent-child relations, parental responsibility, support, separation, and divorce. The child's welfare is a central consideration in decisions affecting children. Succession law governs wills and inheritance. Spanish law includes protected family interests, while regional civil law and cross-border connections can affect the applicable rules. Civil disputes often begin with a written demand or negotiation and may proceed to mediation or court. The correct court, procedure, evidence, and representation depend on the type and value of the claim.