The President is both Head of State and Head of Government, serves as Commander-in-Chief and appoints the Cabinet. The Cabinet includes the President, the First Vice-President, any Second Vice-President, Ministers and Deputy Ministers. The Office of the President and Cabinet supports the President and Cabinet, monitors the public service and coordinates policy implementation. Principal Secretaries lead central Ministries, Departments and Agencies. The Civil Service Commission handles appointment, confirmation and discipline within the Civil Service. The National Assembly passes legislation, considers Government and Private Members' Bills, debates motions, approves the national budget and oversees the executive through committees. The Public Accounts Committee, Defence and Security Committee and Public Appointments Committee have defined scrutiny functions. The Judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of Appeal, High Court, Subordinate Courts and Local Courts. The High Court has unlimited original civil and criminal jurisdiction and can review actions by Government. Subordinate Courts include Magistrates' Courts, the Industrial Relations Court, the Child Justice Court and Local Courts. Local Courts are being operationalized in stages. Malawi has three operational regions—the Northern, Central and Southern regions—divided into districts and wards. It has no federal or provincial legislature with sovereign law-making power. Local government authorities include District Councils, Municipal Councils, Town Councils and City Councils. The country has 28 district councils and 4 city councils. Councillors are elected, and cities and municipalities have mayors; prescribed representation for Chiefs also applies. Councils prepare local policies and development plans, support democratic participation, make by-laws and provide services such as birth and death registration. They also work with the Malawi Police Service on local peace and security. Traditional Authorities and Chiefs provide a customary and local administration interface but are not a separate sovereign level of the State. The National Local Government Finance Committee supports constitutional fiscal decentralisation and local-government finance. The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning sets fiscal and economic policy, prepares the budget and manages public resources. The Public Finance Management Act 2022 and its 2023 Regulations govern public financial management, while the Consolidated Fund receives and pays public money under legal authority. Malawi's financial year ends on 30 June. The National Assembly approves appropriations, the Malawi Revenue Authority administers taxes and the National Audit Office audits public accounts and reports to Parliament. The proposed 2026/27 figures were inflows of K8,126.0 billion, expenditure of K10,978.5 billion, a deficit of K2,852.5 billion and Local Council transfers of K2,088.9 billion; these figures are tied to that budget cycle and can change. The Ombudsman investigates maladministration, can summon people and request documents, issues corrective recommendations and reports annually to the National Assembly. The Malawi Human Rights Commission protects and investigates human-rights concerns and makes recommendations, but it does not exercise judicial or legislative power. The Anti-Corruption Bureau prevents corruption, provides public education, receives complaints and investigates and prosecutes corruption subject to the direction of the Director of Public Prosecutions. The Public Appointments Committee also reviews specified senior appointments and removals. The Constitution protects expression, press, assembly and association. English is the official language and Chichewa is widely used. Under the Access to Information Act 2016, which commenced in 2020, every person may request information orally, in writing or electronically from an Information Officer. A normal decision takes no more than 15 working days; a request concerning life or liberty can receive a decision within 48 hours, and a transferred request should be handled within 3 working days. Filing is free, although reasonable duplication, translation or transcription charges may apply. Internal review can be requested within 60 working days and review by the Malawi Human Rights Commission within 30 working days. Exemptions cover areas such as personal data, national security, defence, safety, privilege and international relations. The Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority regulates communications, electronic, postal and broadcasting services, including licensing and consumer protection. A provider complaint can be taken to its Consumer Affairs Unit, whose assistance is free. The Malawi Police Service is an independent executive organ with four policing regions and responsibilities for crime prevention, investigation, detection, apprehension, prosecution, law and order, and protection of life, property and fundamental rights. Courts can direct the police. The Malawi Defence Force is the only military force and remains under civilian control through the President, the Defence Council and National Assembly scrutiny. It protects sovereignty and territorial integrity, supports the constitutional order and can assist during emergencies; its services are the Army, Air Force, Maritime Force and National Service.
State in Malawi
Malawi is a constitutional, unitary and multiparty democratic republic under the 1994 Constitution and its later amendments. The President leads the executive, the National Assembly makes laws and approves public spending, and the courts interpret and apply the law. Government operates nationally and through districts, wards and local councils, while public administration, finance, oversight, rights and security are handled by specialized institutions.
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