Nature in Malawi

Malawi has both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, with water covering about 20% of the country. Lake Malawi, the Nyika Plateau, the Shire Valley, Lake Chilwa, Elephant Marsh, forests and mountain areas are major natural landscapes. Lake Chilwa and Elephant Marsh are Ramsar wetlands, covering about 224,800 hectares and 61,556 hectares respectively. Lake Malawi National Park covers about 94.1 square kilometres across 16 separate areas and is Malawi's only natural World Heritage Site. The park is especially known for Lake Malawi's exceptional fish diversity, including more than 800 fish species and a very high proportion of endemic cichlids. Across Malawi, recorded biodiversity includes more than 6,000 flowering plants, about 192 mammals, 83 amphibians, 145 reptiles and 630 birds; some species are endemic or threatened. Malawi's formal conservation network includes national parks, wildlife reserves, nature sanctuaries, forest reserves, protected forest areas and community conservation areas. The Department of National Parks and Wildlife manages wildlife protected areas, while the Department of Forestry, Department of Fisheries, Malawi Environment Protection Authority, District Councils, Traditional Authorities, communities and private concession managers have different responsibilities. The number of protected areas depends on the definition used: one national profile records 97 protected areas, about 90% of them forest reserves, while the wildlife department lists nine major wildlife protected areas, including five national parks and four wildlife reserves. Nature supports fishing, fish protein, farming around wetlands, forest products, medicinal plants, water catchments and nature-based tourism. Community-based natural resource management, co-management, concessions and benefit-sharing connect conservation with local livelihoods, although access rules differ between sites. Visitors can use designated entrances and generally need a Department of National Parks and Wildlife permit and the prescribed fee; guides, camps, research, filming, fishing and specimen export may require separate authorization. Fees and opening times vary by park and season, and older published fee schedules should be checked with the department before travel. Unauthorised entry, hunting, trapping, killing, disturbing wildlife, collecting specimens, carrying weapons or poison, leaving waste, preparing land, prospecting for minerals or introducing plants and animals can breach protected-area rules. Protected or endangered species, specimens and international trade may require licences, permits and certificates. Projects that could affect biodiversity or outstanding universal value may require an environmental impact assessment through the relevant environmental authorities. Major pressures include habitat loss and fragmentation, deforestation, charcoal production, illegal logging, invasive species, pollution, siltation, climate change, overfishing, illegal fishing, poaching and human-wildlife conflict. Lake Chilwa periodically dries, while pressure on the Lake Malawi watershed affects water quality and ecosystems. Conservation can conflict with fishing, farming, grazing, forest access, water supply, roads and mineral or oil exploration, especially where households depend on protected-area resources. Lake Malawi National Park contains enclaves with more than 45,000 people, making community participation and fair sharing of conservation benefits central to workable protection. The Department of National Parks and Wildlife provides conservation education through schools and community leaders, and biodiversity programmes are offered by Mzuzu University, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources and the University of Malawi. Malawi's 2025–2035 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, National Ecosystem Assessment and latest national report to the Convention on Biological Diversity provide wider policy context for current conservation work.