Romantic relationships in Guinea-Bissau

A civil marriage is registered through the civil registry office (Conservatória dos Registos Civis) within the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice (Ministério da Justiça). Traditional marriages and informal relationships also exist, and their formal protection may be weaker in matters of inheritance, custody and separation. Formal and traditional systems exist side by side, so it is not always clear which authority is responsible for providing proof or enforcing rights. A marriage is legally based on mutual consent. However, the age rules are not documented consistently: UNICEF states that the minimum age is 16 for girls and 18 for boys, while an analysis of judicial practice gives 16, 17 or 18 depending on the documents and interpretation. Legal adulthood begins at 18. The specific civil registry office or a legal advice center should confirm the applicable rule before a marriage takes place. According to MICS6, 26% of women aged 20 to 24 had already been married or in a union before their 18th birthday. Early and forced marriage are documented risks, particularly among people with less education, in rural areas and in the regions of Bafatá and Gabú. Family or community pressure, a significant age difference, leaving school and polygamy can impair self-determination and future life planning. Under Family Law No. 10/92 (Lei da Família No. 10/92) and on the basis of the Civil Code of 1966, spouses have duties such as fidelity, living together, mutual support, maintenance and contributing to household expenses. The Constitution guarantees equality between spouses; older rules describing the husband as head of the household or prescribing a residence must therefore not be understood as current equality rules. MICS 2014 reported that 44% of married women lived in polygamous households; no more recent national comparison figure is available in the facts provided. Consensual sexual relationships, contraception, and access to HIV, STI, and adolescent sexual and reproductive healthcare are also part of everyday relationship life. The health system and UNFPA support relevant services, but their regional availability and costs are not documented consistently. The Domestic Violence Law No. 6/2014 prohibits physical, sexual, psychological, liberty-depriving and economic violence within the family or relationship. Protection applies regardless of gender, age, origin, disability or sexual orientation. In cases of violence, the police or Public Order Police (POP) can be contacted; medical documentation and referral to the Public Prosecution Service (Ministério Público) or a court may follow. The Institute for Women and Children (Instituto da Mulher e da Criança), the Ministry of Women, Family and Social Solidarity, AMIC shelters and the seven legal aid centers (CAJ) provide protection, legal information, mediation or referral depending on the case. From 2022 to 2024, the CAJ registered 7,711 cases, nearly half involving women; the Guinea-Bissau Bar Association (OAGB) may provide free legal representation to proven victims of gender-based or domestic violence. A marriage may be ended under Law No. 6/76 (Lei No. 6/76) through consensual or contested divorce. Divorce is initiated by a joint application or by one spouse and is pronounced by a court judgment; judicial information states that consensual divorce requires the marriage to have lasted more than two years. The judgment ends the marriage and the marital rights and duties, and generally ends the community of property, subject to statutory exceptions. The primary sources reviewed do not provide a reliable uniform divorce fee or processing time. According to the GOV-GB portal of the civil registry office, a marriage certificate costs 1,000 XOF and should take no more than five working days; a duplicate costs 1,500 XOF. In rural areas, distance, costs and limited capacity may make access to registration and legal enforcement more difficult.