Law in Germany

The most important foundation of the law in Germany is the Basic Law (Grundgesetz). It protects fundamental rights such as human dignity, equality, freedom of expression, and property, and binds state authorities to law and justice. Legal rules arise at several levels. These include European Union law, the Basic Law, federal and state laws, as well as statutory regulations and local bylaws. Public law primarily regulates the relationship between the state and its citizens. It concerns, for example, public authorities, schools, taxes, the police, social benefits, and building permits. Civil law, also known as private law, governs relationships between private individuals and businesses. Typical areas include purchases, rent, employment, family, inheritance, property, contracts, and compensation for damages. Criminal law determines which conduct is punishable and which consequences the state may impose. The police and public prosecutors investigate, while a court generally decides on guilt and punishment. A typical legal case begins with a contract, an administrative decision, damage, or a dispute. Facts and evidence are then collected, claims or objections are explained, and, if necessary, public authorities, dispute resolution bodies, or courts are involved. Germany has different branches of the courts for different tasks. These include, in particular, ordinary courts for civil and criminal cases, as well as labor, administrative, social, and fiscal courts. Legal decisions often depend on details. Wording, context, evidence, jurisdiction, and deadlines that must be observed can determine whether a claim can be enforced or a decision challenged. The law provides protection and reliable procedures, but it does not resolve every conflict quickly or completely. Depending on the case, advice, negotiation, mediation, or conciliation can therefore be just as important as court proceedings.