Nature in Ethiopia

Ethiopia's natural areas include Rift Valley lakes, the Omo and Gambella landscapes, Simien, Bale, Harenna and Afar-Danakil. The country records about 325 mammals, 872 birds, 240 reptiles, 71 amphibians, 200 fish and more than 6,000 higher plants. Notable species include the Ethiopian Wolf, Walia Ibex, Gelada, Mountain Nyala, Bale Monkey and Swayne's Hartebeest. The Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority, known as EWCA, manages wildlife protection, protected-area functions, permits, enforcement and research coordination. The Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, or EBI, supports biodiversity and genetic-resources research, gene conservation and botanical facilities. The Environmental Protection Authority, or EPA, provides national environmental oversight, while regional governments and park offices handle much local administration. Communities contribute conservation knowledge, resource management and participatory protection. Protected-area categories include national parks, sanctuaries, wildlife reserves, community conservation areas, biosphere reserves and hunting areas. EWCA's catalogue lists 13 federal protected areas, while national coverage estimates vary at roughly 12 to 14 percent. Ethiopia's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for 2025–2030 sets a target to increase representative protected areas and inland waters from 12 percent to 30 percent and to improve effective management of high-biodiversity areas from 30 percent to 80 percent. Pastoral and agropastoral grazing, farming, forest and genetic resources, fuelwood, charcoal, construction materials and medicinal plants all interact with conservation. Trekking, wildlife viewing, birdwatching, photography, boat tours, community lodges and other ecotourism activities may be available, but access depends on the site, season, roads, weather and local rules. Park entry, registration and guiding are arranged through EWCA or the relevant park office; fee amounts and service timelines are not published consistently in the reviewed official material. Hunting, capturing, transporting or possessing wildlife, as well as filming, research, accommodation and commercial wildlife use, may require specific authorization. Permit conditions can control species, season, method and area, and park rules require compliance with ranger instructions, safe distances and bans on feeding or harassing wildlife. Habitat conversion, overgrazing, deforestation, pollution, climate stress, wildfire, illegal wildlife trade and human-wildlife conflict place pressure on these systems. Invasive species include Prosopis juliflora, Eichhornia crassipes, Parthenium hysterophorus and Lantana camara; the national baseline records about 3,949,314 hectares affected by invasive species, with a 25 percent reduction target by 2030. Conflicts can involve farming, grazing, settlement, charcoal production, irrigation, infrastructure, tourism and wildlife use. Protected-area planning, regional authorities, community participation, restoration and enforcement form the main documented response, but no single nationwide compensation or complaints pathway is evidenced in the reviewed sources.