Business in North Korea

State-owned factories and enterprises, known locally as 공장·기업소, form the formal economic core of North Korea. Cooperative organizations, state companies, ports and banks operate under state ownership or direction. The Enterprise Law and the socialist enterprise responsibility management system give some enterprises more operational discretion, but production, investment and trade remain subject to unified state control rather than an open private competition system. North Korea has no evidenced general registration process for an independent private business owned and operated freely by an individual. Domestic economic activity commonly connects to a state or cooperative organization, a market stall or another approved arrangement. 종합시장, also called general markets, developed from the permanent farmers' markets established after 2003. About 414 such markets were estimated in 2022, although the figure and current operation can vary. Stall trading, known as 매대 장사, is functionally recognized in these markets. A trader normally needs a stall and pays a market-use fee called 장세; the amount varies by goods and region. Markets have formalized parts of the product economy, while capital, labor and land transactions remain largely informal. Outside markets, private activity can include restaurants, transport, accommodation, bathing facilities, repairs, deliveries and karaoke or computer rooms. Private financiers known as 돈주 may provide funds to state companies or shops, often through a state affiliation or protective arrangement. Such activity can be exposed to sudden restrictions, confiscation, bribery demands and penalties because its legal status, taxation, contracts and transfer rules are not transparent. Food sales outside state shops have faced stronger restrictions since about 2022. Foreign investors have separate legal forms: an equity joint venture, a contractual joint venture or a foreign-owned enterprise. The legal framework is especially relevant to investment in Rason, which has special rules. An application is handled through the central trade guidance organ or the Investment Control Center. Local workers are generally required, while foreign specialists need specific approval. Foreign enterprises may face enterprise-income, personal-income, property, turnover, business and local taxes. Tax registration is stated as due within 20 days after registration, or within 15 days in Rason. Changes to registration follow the same 20-day or 15-day periods. Tax deregistration is stated as due 20 days before company dissolution. A tax complaint may be filed within 30 days, followed by a court action within 10 days. A historical Foreign Investment Law figure of 14% income tax exists, but current sectoral and zone-specific application is not independently confirmed. The law describes protection against nationalization or confiscation, with compensation in other cases, but the practical implementation of current investment rights is not independently confirmed. Land leases can last up to 50 years, and transfer or inheritance of leased land requires approval. Profit and liquidation proceeds are subject to foreign-exchange rules. North Korea has no transparent public company register and no reliably documented general process for private insolvency, business sale or exit. United Nations sanctions substantially restrict cross-border business. Member states must generally prohibit or close new and existing joint ventures and cooperative entities with North Korean entities unless the 1718 Committee grants a case-specific exemption. New North Korean bank branches, accounts and representative offices are prohibited, and financial support for North Korean trade is heavily restricted. Export and import controls, restrictions on machinery, energy, textiles and seafood, and limits on work permissions further narrow foreign business options. These sanctions primarily constrain external actors and do not by themselves prove a general domestic ban on every private activity. State, planning, finance and tax organs, market authorities, the central trade guidance organ, the Investment Control Center and local People's Committees may be involved depending on the sector and location. The exact current chain of responsibility is not reliably public. A business assessment therefore needs to distinguish formal state or cooperative activity, market-based domestic practice and foreign investment, because their access, duties, costs, enforcement risks and available legal remedies differ substantially.