Transport in Afghanistan

In Kabul and other larger cities, people commonly use private or shared taxis, minibuses, coaster buses, buses and local three-wheeled zarang vehicles. Milli Bus provides a state-operated bus service, but its actual coverage and availability depend on the location. Stops, operators, fares and departure times are not standardized nationwide, and passengers often arrange a ride directly and pay the fare locally. Road transport is the main way to travel between Afghan cities and provinces. Long-distance buses, shared taxis, private cars and trucks use major corridors such as Kabul–Kandahar–Herat, Kabul–Nangarhar–Torkham and the northern connections, including access toward Islam Qala and Spin Boldak. Secondary roads may be unpaved or in changing condition. Checkpoints, temporary closures, snow, flooding, landslides, traffic accidents, armed violence, crime, kidnapping and explosive remnants of war can change the safety and duration of a journey with little notice. Night travel, remote roads and border areas require particular caution. Afghanistan does not have a nationwide scheduled passenger railway service for everyday travel. Existing or reactivated rail connections mainly support freight and transit, including Hairatan–Mazar-e-Sharif and links toward Uzbekistan, Aqina and Torghundi toward Turkmenistan, and the Herat–Khaf connection toward Iran. Proposed or studied extensions do not currently provide a reliable substitute for road transport or private vehicles. Domestic flights can reduce travel time between cities such as Kabul, Kandahar, Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif. Ariana Afghan Airlines and Kam Air operate flights, but availability, prices, baggage rules and cancellations must be checked directly before departure. Border travel also depends on current border openings, passports, visas, customs rules and local security conditions. Aviation oversight and airport arrangements should be verified through current official or airline information; no general safety clearance should be assumed. A person driving a vehicle generally needs a driving licence and vehicle registration documents handled through the traffic authorities. The Ministry of Interior Affairs and Traffic Police oversee licensing, registration and traffic control, while the Ministry of Transport and Aviation handles land, air and transit transport and related infrastructure. Current document requirements, restrictions, fees and processing times can differ by place and should be confirmed locally. A 2025 Ministry of Interior rule concerning unregistered right-hand-drive vehicles in Kabul, as well as regional vehicle stickers and driving restrictions, makes the registration status especially relevant. Walking remains highly relevant because vehicle ownership and reliable public transport are limited. Cycling exists as a low-cost local option, but Afghanistan has no nationally established cycling network or consistent protected infrastructure. Pavements, crossings and accessibility facilities vary considerably. Local security conditions and social rules affect how people move through public space. Reports from 2024 and 2025 describe geographically and temporally uneven enforcement of mahram and Hijab requirements affecting women and girls using public or private transport; access to work, education and health services can therefore be restricted, especially for women travelling alone, widows and women-headed households. Transport also creates local air pollution, dust, congestion and noise, although reliable nationwide vehicle and emissions data are limited. Fares and journey times have no single national standard: they depend on distance, vehicle type, passenger load, fuel prices, negotiation, road conditions and the security situation. Current conditions should be checked with the carrier, terminal, airline, local authorities and current travel-security information before departure.